Scaffolding

Scaffolding

is a temporary framework used to support people and material in the construction or repair of buildings and other large structures. It is usually a modular system of metal pipes (termed tubes


1. 2.

3.

The basic materials are tubes, couplers and boards Tubes are either steel or aluminium. Boards provide a working surface for users of the scaffold The board ends are protected by metal plates called nail plates

 1. 2. 3.

The key elements of a scaffold are ''STANDARDS'', ''LEDGERS'' ''TRANSOMS''.

The standards, also called uprights, are the vertical tubes that transfer the entire mass of the structure to the ground Ledgers are horizontal tubes which connect between the standards. Transoms rest upon the ledgers at right angles. ''Main transoms'' are placed next to the standards, they hold the standards in place and provide support for boards; ''intermediate transoms'' are those placed between the main transoms to provide extra support for boards.

Types of Scaffolding

Single pole scaffold

single-pole, which are supported on their interior side by a structure or wall A single pole scaffold consists of a single row of standards connected by ledgers. Putlogs are fixed to the ledgers and built into the wall of the building or structure. A single pole scaffold is dependent upon the structure against which it is placed for support. these scaffolds are a type of supported scaffold in which every structural component, from uprights to braces to

platforms, is made of wood.

Double Pole Scaffold

double-pole, which are supported by double uprights independent of any structure.

Tube and Coupler

Tube and coupler scaffolds are so-named because they are built from tubing connected by coupling devices.

Due to their strength, they are frequently used where heavy loads need to be carried, or where multiple platforms must reach several stories high.
Their versatility, which enables them to be assembled in multiple directions in a variety of settings, also makes them hard to build correctly.

Frame or Fabricated
Fabricated frame scaffolds are the most common type of scaffold because they are versatile, economical, and easy to use. They are frequently used in one or two tiers by residential contractors, painters, etc.

Shoring

Shoring is often used to stabilize a building when it is to undergo structural modification or repair. Commonly made of timbers

Shoring

Shores are placed in an inclined position, bearing against the external walls of the building. The upper ends, which are sometimes capped with steel, fit into holes cut in brickwork, and the lower ends rest on bases or platforms, frequently of steel plate. Shores are frequently used as supplemental support for buildings damaged by fire or by underpinning failure.

Types of SHORING

The raking shore This is intended to hold a bulging wall from further collapse.

The flying shore

This shore uses a sound wall to support a sagging wall. It can be used for walls up to 7.62 m (25 ft.) apart. You'll see from the diagram that it is really only a series of four raking shores, each based on the horizontal beam holding the wall plates in position.

The dead shore

This type of shore bears a lot of weight. Therefore the sole piece and head piece should be very solidly positioned. The dead shores, or temporary columns in the form of upright struts, are used to provide safe working conditions for rescuers by supporting unsound floors or beams and providing vertical support for openings cut in masonry walls.

UNDERPINNING
In construction, underpinning is the process of strengthening and stabilizing the foundation of an existing building or other structure.
Underpinning may be necessary for a variety of reasons:

The original foundation is simply not strong or stable enough The usage of the structure has changed. The properties of the soil supporting the foundation may have changed or was mischaracterized during planning. The construction of nearby structures necessitates the excavation of soil supporting existing foundations.

METHODS OF UNDERPINNING

NEEDLE BEAMS UNDERPINNING RAFT

NEEDLE BEAM

This method stabilizes wall foundations by the use of piles installed either side of an existing wall. A small pocket is broken out below the ground level and a reinforced concrete needle beam is cast insitu connecting the piles and supporting the wall.

Advantages

Advantages of this system are: Suitable for restricted access. Needle beam constructed at a higher level if existing foundation too deep. Faster than traditional underpinning. High load capability. More economical at greater depths. Less disruption, less spoil generated and completed quickly.

This method stabilises existing wall foundations to whole rooms or buildings. Mini-piles are installed within the property and capped with an integral reinforced concrete raft. Needle beams project from the slab into the walls below ground level.

UNDERPINNING RAFT

FROMWORK

Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent moulds into which concrete or similar materials are poured. In the context of concrete construction, the falsework supports the shuttering moulds.

TYPES OF FORMWORK

1.Traditional timber formwork. 2.Engineered Formwork systems. 3.Stay-In-Place Formwork systems.

1.Traditional timber formwork

The formwork is built on site out of timber. It is easy to produce but time consuming for larger structures, and it has quite a limited lifespan. It is still used extensively where the labour costs are lower than the costs for procuring re-usable formwork. It also the most flexible formwork.

2.Engineered Formwork systems.

The formwork is built out of prefabricated modules with a steel frame and is made of a material with the wanted surface structure (steel, timber, etc.) where the contact surface between the concrete and formwork lies. The two major advantages of formwork systems, compared to traditional timber formwork, are speed of construction and lower life-cycle costs.

3.Stay-In-Place Formwork systems.

The formwork is assembled on site, usually out of prefabricated Insulating Concrete Forms. The formwork stays in place after the concrete has cured to provide thermal and acoustic insulation, space to run utilities, and backing for finishes.
Stay-In-Place Structural Formwork systems. The formwork is assembled on site, usually out of prefabricated fibre-reinforced plastic forms. These are in the shape of hollow tubes, and are usually used for columns and piers. The formwork stays in place after the concrete has cured and acts as axial and shear reinforcement, as well as serving to confine the concrete and prevent against environmental effects, such as corrosion and freeze-thaw cycles.

For the first two types, once the concrete has been poured into formwork and has set (or cured), the formwork is struck or stripped (removed) to expose the finished concrete. The removal time of the forms is dependent upon the strength needed to be achieved by the cured concrete. Spectacular accidents have occurred when the forms have been either removed too soon or under-designed to carry the load imposed by the weight of the uncured concrete.

COLUMN FORMS

WALL FROMS

BEAM FORMS

GROUND FORMS

CENTRING

A temporary structure intended to support the weight of an arch or dome during construction, until it has sufficient integrity and strength to support itself. centring is composed of timber members and supported timber sheeting. On this surface is placed the steel reinforcing bars and eventually the wet concrete (compo). The centring was removed when the compo had hardened sufficiently to carry its own weight.