Chapter-2

Using Keyboard and Mouse

 Keyboard
The set of typewriter-like keys that enables
you to enter data into a computer.
Computer keyboards are similar to
electric-typewriter keyboards but contain
additional keys
 Keyboard
The keys on computer keyboards are often
classified as follows:
The Alphanumeric Keys
Describes the combined set of all letters in the
alphabet and the numbers 0 through 9.
 Keyboard
The Modifier Keys
A key on a keyboard that only has a meaning
when combined with another key. Examples of
modifier keys include the Shift, Control, and Alt
keys.
 Keyboard
The Numeric Keypad
A separate set of keys on
some keyboards that
contain the numbers 0
through 9 and a decimal
point arranged as on an
adding machine. Numeric
keypads make it easier to
enter large amounts of
numeric data.
 Keyboard

The Function Keys

Special keys on the
keyboard that have
different meanings
depending on which
program is running.
Function keys are
normally labeled F1 to
F10 or F12
 Keyboard
The Cursor-movement Keys
special symbol, usually a solid rectangle or a blinking
underline character, that signifies where the next
character will be displayed on the screen. To type in
different areas of the screen, you need to move the
cursor. You can do this with the arrow keys which are
knows as cursor movement keys. Most computer
keyboards contain four arrow keys for moving the
cursor or insertion point right, left, up, or down
 Keyboard

Special Purpose Keys

Windows/start key- Opens
the Windows start menu.
Shortcut key: Opens an on
screen shortcut menu in
windows based application
program
 Keyboard
How it works
2. When a key is pressed, it pushes down on a rubber
dome sitting beneath the key. A conductive contact
on the underside of the dome touches (and hence
connects) a pair of conductive lines on the circuit
below.
3. This bridges the gap between them and allows
electric current to flow (the open circuit is closed).
 Keyboard
3. A scanning signal is emitted by the chip along the pairs of lines
to all the keys. When the signal in one pair becomes different,
the chip generates a "make code" corresponding to the key
connected to that pair of lines.
2. The code generated is sent to the computer either via a
keyboard cable (using on-off electrical pulses to represent bits)
or over a wireless connection. It may be repeated.
3. A chip inside the computer receives the signal bits and decodes
them into the appropriate keypress. The computer then decides
what to do on the basis of the key pressed (e.g. display a
character on the screen, or perform some action).
4. When the key is released, a break code (different than the make
code) is sent to indicate the key is no longer pressed. If the
break code is missed (e.g. due to a keyboard switch) it is
possible for the keyboard controller to believe the key is pressed
down when it is not, which is why pressing then releasing the
key again will release the key (since another break code is
 MOUSE

A device that controls the movement of

the cursor or pointer on a display screen
. Its name is derived from its shape,
which looks a bit like a mouse, its
connecting wire that one can imagine to be
the mouse's tail, and the fact that one must
make it scurry(hurry) along a surface
 Mouse

 Mice contain at least one button and sometimes as many as

three, which have different functions depending on what program
is running. Some newer mice also include a scroll wheel for
scrolling through long documents.
Invented by Douglas Engelbart of Stanford Research Center in
1963, and pioneered by Xerox in the 1970s, the mouse is one of the
great breakthroughs in computer ergonomics because it frees the
user to a large extent from using the keyboard
 The mouse is important for graphical user interfaces because
you can simply point to options and objects and click a mouse
button. Such applications are often called point-and-click
programs. The mouse is also useful for graphics programs that
allow you to draw pictures by using the mouse like a pen, pencil, or
paintbrush.
 Mouse
There are three basic types of mice:
2. mechanical: Has a rubber or metal ball on its
underside that can roll in all directions. Mechanical
sensors within the mouse detect the direction the ball
is rolling and move the screen pointer accordingly.
3. optomechanical: Same as a mechanical mouse, but
uses optical sensors to detect motion of the ball.
4. optical: Uses a laser to detect the mouse's movement.
Optical mice have no mechanical moving parts.
They respond more quickly and precisely than
mechanical and opt mechanical mice, but they are
also more expensive.
 Mouse
Mice connect to PCs in
one of several ways:
Serial mice connect
directly to an RS-232C
serial port. This is the
simplest type of connection.

PS/2 mice connect to a

PS/2 port.
 Trackball

A pointing device. Essentially, a

trackball is a mouse lying on its
back. To move the pointer, you
rotate the ball with your thumb,
your fingers, or the palm of your
hand. There are usually one to
three buttons, which you use just
like mouse buttons
Trackpads
 Optical Mouse

Developed by Agilent Technologies and introduced to the world in

late 1999, the optical mouse actually uses a tiny camera to take 1,500
pictures every second. Able to work on almost any surface, the
mouse has a small, red light-emitting diode (LED) that bounces light
off that surface onto a complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor
(CMOS) sensor. The CMOS sensor sends each image to a digital
signal processor (DSP) for analysis. The DSP, operating at 18 MIPS
(million instructions per second), is able to detect patterns in the
images and see how those patterns have moved since the previous
image. Based on the change in patterns over a sequence of images,
the DSP determines how far the mouse has moved and sends the
corresponding coordinates to the computer. The computer moves the
cursor on the screen based on the coordinates received from the
mouse. This happens hundreds of times each second, making the
cursor appear to move very smoothly.
 Optical Computer
Optical mice have several benefits over wheeled
mice:
No moving parts means less wear and a lower
chance of failure.
There's no way for dirt to get inside the mouse
and interfere with the tracking sensors.
Increased tracking resolution means
smoother response.
They don't require a special surface, such as
a mouse pad.
 Mechanical Mouse.

The main goal of any

mouse is to translate
the motion of your
hand into signals that
the computer can use.
Let's take a look
inside a track-ball
mouse to see how it
works:
 Mechanical Mouse

A ball inside the

mouse touches
the desktop and
rolls when the
mouse moves.
 Mechanical Mouse
Two rollers inside the
mouse touch the ball. One
of the rollers is oriented so
that it detects motion in the
X direction, and the other
is oriented 90 degrees to the
first roller so it detects
motion in the Y direction.
When the ball rotates, one
or both of these rollers
rotate as well. The
following image shows the
two white rollers on this
 Mechanical Mouse

The rollers each connect to a shaft, and the

shaft spins a disk. When a roller rolls, its
shaft and disk spin.
 Mechanical Mouse

On either side of the disk there is an infrared LED and

an infrared sensor. The holes in the disk break the
beam of light coming from the LED so that the
infrared sensor sees pulses of light. The rate of the
pulsing is directly related to the speed of the mouse and
the distance it travels .
 Mechanical Mouse
An on-board processor
chip reads the pulses
from the infrared sensors
and turns them into
binary data that the
computer can
understand. The chip
sends the binary data to
the computer through the
mouse's cord. .
 Opt mechanical Mouse

In this opt mechanical arrangement, the disk

moves mechanically, and an optical system counts
pulses of light. On this mouse, the ball is 21 mm
in diameter. The roller is 7 mm in diameter. Each
encoder disk has two infrared LEDs and two
infrared sensors, one on each side of the disk This
arrangement allows the processor to detect the
disk's direction of rotation.