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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Topics Included:
Definition Types of Transmission Media Guided Transmission Media *Twisted Pair Cable *Coaxial Cable *Optical Fiber Unguided Transmission Media *microwave *Radio Wave *Satellite
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*The Transmission capacity, in terms of either data rate or bandwidth, depends critically on the distance and on whether the medium is point-to-point or multipoint.
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*The most common form of wiring in data communication is the twisted pair cable.
*The twisted pair consists of two insulated copper wires wrapped together in double helix.
*The twisting tends to decrease the crosstalk interference(bleeding of signal) between adjacent pairs in a cable.
*the attenuation for twisted pair is a very strong function of 5/2/12 frequency.
Unshielded twisted
*ordinary telephone wire *cheapest *easy to install *suffers from external EM
Shielded twisted
*Metal braid or sheathing
interference
Types of UTP
Type CAT 1 Description Voice-grade communications only, no data transmission Data-grade transmission upto 4 Mbps Data-grade transmission upto 10 Mbps Data-grade transmission upto 16 Mbps Data-grade transmission
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Coaxial Cable
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*Coaxial cable consists the following layers in its construction: -the copper conductor -insulation layer of plastic foam -second conductor or shield of wire mesh tube or metallic foil. -outer jacket of tough plastic. *Coaxial Cable can be used over longer distances and support more stations on a shared line than twisted pair. *Coaxial Cable is a versatile transmission medium, used in wide variety of applications including Television distribution: aerial to Television systems.
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Optical Fibers
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angle less than Critical angle is absorbed by the jacket and the light rays having incident angle more than Critical angle enters the core of wire and undergoes total internal reflection.
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*Fiber Optic Cable is known as most sophisticated cables used in long distance network connection.
*Through this data cable data transmission is done through light rays signal transmission rather than electrical signal transmission.
*It has inner core of glass that conducts light. The inner core is surrounded by Cladding.
*Cladding is nothing but layer of glass that reflects light back into the core.
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Single-mode: When fiber core radius is reduced, fewer angles will reflect. By reducing the radius of the core to order of the wavelength, only a single angle or mode can pass: the axial ray.
Graded-index multimode: By varying index of refraction of core, a third type of transmission is possible i.e, Graded-index multimode.
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*Fiber optic cables can be used for broadband5/2/12 transmission where several channels(i.e., bands of frequency) are handled in parallel
Disadvantages:
*Installation problem. Fiber optic cables are quite fragile and may need special care to make them sufficiently robust for an office environment. *Connecting either two fibers together or a light source to a fiber is a difficult process. *Because of noise immunity, optical fibers are virtually impossible to tap. In order to incept a signal, the fiber must be cut and a detector inserted. *Light can reach the receiver out of phase. *Connection losses are common problems. *Fiber optic cables are more difficult to solder. *They are the most expensive of all cables.
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High
Unguided T.M.
*Unguided media(wireless communication) consists of a means i.e., air, space etc. for the data signals to travel, where there is nothing to guide them along a specific path, like in wires. Unbounded media is electromagnetic waves in form of radio, microwave, infrared and others.
*These are used where wires and cables are difficult to install.
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Micro Wave
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*In this, parabolic antennas are mounted on towers to send a beam to other antennas ten kms away.
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*It offers freedom from land acquisition rights that are required for laying, repairing the cables.
Disadvantages:
*Microwave communication is an insecure communication.
*Signals from a single antenna may split up and propagate by slightly different paths to receiving antenna. When these out-of-phase signals recombine, they interfere, reducing the signal strength.
*Microwave propagation is susceptable to weather effects like rains, thunder storms etc.
Radio Wave
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*The transmitter takes message, encodes it onto a sine wave and transmits it with radio waves.
*The receiver receives the radio waves and decodes the message from the sine wave it receives.
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Satellite Microwave
Point-to-point link Broadcast link
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*Receives on one frequency, amplifiers or repeats signal and transmits it on another frequency.
*In satellite communication the earth station consist of a satellite dish that functions as an antenna and communication equipment to transmit and receive data from satellite passing overhead.
*Most communication satellites have multiple, independent reception and transmission devices known as transponders.
*Transponders are capable of handling a full- colour , commercial 5/2/12 television transmission , complete with audio.
Uses:
*Television
*Global positioning.
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*The laying and maintenance of intercontinental cable is difficult and expensive and this is where the satellite proves to be the best alternative.
*The heavy usage of intercontinental traffic makes the satellite commercially attractive.
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Disadvantages:
*Technological limitations preventing the deployment of large, high gain antennas on the satellite platform.
*The high investment cost and insurance cost associated with significant probability of failure.
Infrared
Infrared Radiation
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*Infrared technology allows computing devices to communicate via short-range wireless signals. With infrared, computers can transfer files and other digital data bidirectionally. Infrared transmission technology used in computers is similar to that used in consumer product remote control units.
*Installation and usage: Computer infrared network adapters both transmit and receive data through ports on the rear or side of a device. Infrared adapters are installed in many and handled personal devices.
*Range: Infrared communications span very short distances. Place two infrared devices within a few feet ( no more than 5 mts) of each other when networking them. Unlike Wi-Fi and Bluetooth technologies, infrared network signal cannot penetrate walls or 5/2/12 other obstructions and work only in the direct line of sight.
*Performance: Infrared technology used in local networks exists in three different forms: -IrDA-SIR (slow speed) infrared supporting data rates up to 115 Kbps. -IrDA-MIR (medium speed) infrared supporting data rates up to 1.15 Mbps. -IrDA-FIR (fast speed) infrared supporting data rates up to 4 Mbps.
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*Simple circuitry: no special or proprietary hardware is required, can be incorporated into the integrated circuit of a product.
*Higher security: directionality of beam helps ensure that data isnt 5/2/12 leaked or spilled to nearby devices as its transmitted.
Disadvantages:
*Line of sight: transmitters and receivers must be almost directly aligned (i.e. able to see each other) to communicate.
*Blocked by common materials: people, walls, plants, etc. can block transmission.
*Light, weather sensitive: direct sunlight, rain, fog, dust, pollution can affect transmission.
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Made by:
Pragati Tuteja Prachi Darji
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