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producing transgenic
mice.
promotore esone introne spazio intergenico
DNA 1 2 3 4 5
5’ 3’
TRASCRIZIONE
RNA precursore
PROCESSAMENTO
ATG STOP
TRADUZIONE
proteina
The rat growth hormone gene (RGH), under the control of a mouse promoter region that is responsive
to heavy metals, is inserted into a plasmid and used to produce a transgenic mouse. RGH compensates
for the inherent dwarfism (lit / lit) in the mouse. RGH is inherited in a Mendelian dominant pattern in
the ensuing mouse pedigree.
Preparation of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Fertilized mouse eggs divide slowly at first; after 41/2 days,
they form the blastocyst, a hollow structure composed of about 100 cells surrounding an inner cavity
called the blastocoel. Only ES cells, which constitute the inner cell mass, actually form the embryo. Other
cells form the trophectoderm, which gives rise to the membranes (amnion and placenta) by which the
embryo is attached to the uterine wall. Embryonic stem cells can be removed from the blastocyst and
grown on lethally irradiated “feeder cells.”
General procedure for producing gene-
targeted knockout mice. Embryonic stem
(ES) cells heterozygous for a knockout
mutation in a gene of interest (X) and
homozygous for a marker gene (here,
black coat color) are transplanted into the
blastocoel cavity of 4.5-day embryos that
are homozygous for an alternate marker
(here, white coat color). The early
embryos then are implanted into a
pseudopregnant female. Some of the
resulting progeny are chimeras, indicated
by their black and white coats. Chimeric
mice then are backcrossed to white mice;
black progeny from this mating have ES-
derived cells in their germ line. By
isolating DNA from a small amount of tail
tissue, it is possible to identify black mice
heterozygous for the knockout allele.
Intercrossing of these black mice produces
individuals homozygous for the disrupted
allele, that is, knockout mice.
Cell-type-specific gene knockouts
using the loxP-Cre recombination
system. Two loxP sites are inserted
on each side of an essential exon (2)
of the gene of interest (i.e., gene X)
(blue) by homologous recombination.
These sites do not disrupt gene
function. The loxP-containing mouse
is crossed to a transgenic mouse
carrying a cell-type-specific promoter
controlling expression of the Cre
recombinase, which induces
recombination between loxP sites.
This mouse is heterozygous for a
constitutive gene X knockout. In the
resulting loxP-Cre mouse, Cre protein
is produced only in those cells in
which the promoter is active, and in
those cells recombination therefore
occurs between the loxP sites, leading
to deletion of exon 2. Since the other
allele is a constitutive gene X
knockout, deletion between the IoxP
sites results in complete loss of
function in all cells expressing Cre.
I Virus
mRNA
DNA
Integrazione
assemblaggio
mRNA
I Retrovirus (o virus a RNA)
nei tre casi SCID si è avuta inserzione a monte del gene LMO2,
che codifica un fattore di trascrizione implicato nella ematopoiesi
un’espressione aberrante di questo gene è implicata nella leucemia
linfoblastica acuta da linfociti T nei bambini
Types of gene therapy in mammals.
=AMH
AMH RECEPTOR
+ ANDROGEN RECEPTOR
=AMH
Persistance of Mullerian
Ducts Syndrome= PMDS
Phenotype: male
+ uterus
(cryptorchidism)
AMH RECEPTOR
La corretta differenziazione di testicoli è necessaria
per lo sviluppo di genitali maschili
47,XXY
48,XXXY
47,XYY
46,XX
48,XXXY
Sindrome di Turner
45,X0
FENOTIPO MASCHILE FENOTIPO FEMMINILE
46,XY 46,XX
47,XXY 47,XXX
48, XXXY 48,XXXX
47,XYY 45,X0
X Y XX male XY female
(a) The sequence-
tagged site (STS)
content of naturally
occurring Y
chromosome fragments
was used to order the
STSs on a Y
chromosome map.
Note: “q−” means
“lacking the q arm”;
“trans Yq” means
“translocation of Yq to
an autosome.” (b) Deep
freeze containing plates
of YAC clones used in
the human genome
project.
Yp Pseudo 1A1
(140 Kb 60 Kb SRY
autosomal
pairing
region
ZFY 35 Kb
1 1A2
(140 Kb)
Yq 2
1B
3
4A 1C
The hunt for the testis determining factor (TDF) from 1959, when the Y chromosome was shown
To be male-determining in both mouse and man, to 1990 and the identification of the sex-determining
region (SRY in humans, Sry in mice).
INVERSIONI DEL SESSO
OVAIO
SRY
TESTICOLO
Nature 1991 May 9;351(6322):11721
Male development of chromosomally female mice transgenic for Sry.
Koopman P, Gubbay J, Vivian N, Goodfellow P, LovellBadge R.
The initiation of male development in mammals requires one or more genes on the Y chromosome. A recently isolated gene, termed SRY
in humans and Sry in mouse, has many of the genetic and biological properties expected of a Ylocated testisdetermining gene. It is now
shown that Sry on a 14kilobase genomic DNA fragment is sufficient to induce testis differentiation and subsequent male development
when introduced into chromosomally female mouse embryos.
FEMALE WNT7 Mullerian ducts Wollfian
DUCTS & WNT4 > oviducts Ducts
ORGANS > uterus
regress
> upper vagina
Ovarian
Follicle cells Oocytes Theca cells connective
OVARY
Tissue &
vasculature
BMP8b
DAX1 WNT4
SF1
WT1
URO
BIPOTENTIAL Supporting Steroidogenic Mesenchymal
GENITAL M33 Primordial
RIDGE GONAD cell precursors cells
Germ cells
LHX9 precursors
LIM1? SRY
EMX2 SF1
DAX1 SOX9 WNT4
DAX1
WT1
SOX9 Peritubular
Pro
TESTIS SF1 Sertoli WT1 Leydig PTCH myoid cells&
cells GATA4 spermatogonia
DHH PTCH cells vasculature
DMRT1
AMH T DHT FGF9