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CCNA1 - data
• Units of data
– Bits and bytes
– 8 Bits = byte
• Numbering systems
– Binary, base 2
– Decimal, base 10
– Hexadecimal, base 16
CCNA1 - OSI
CCNA1 – Data encapsulation
CCNA1 - Bandwidth
• It’s finite
• It’s not free
• Demand for it is ever increasing
• It’s key factor when analyzing network
performance
• Units and limitations
– bps (limited by medium)
CCNA1 Media
• Copper media
– Data is coded with electricity
– Cable specifications (10BASE-T)
– Coaxial cable, shielded twisted-pair cable,
screened twisted pair cable,
unshielded twisted pair cable (most popular)
– Three different types of twisted pair cables:
• Straight-through, crossover and rollover
Twisted pair cable types (which one to choose)
MAC
Place for physical address, MAC address (48bit long / 12
hex)
• First 6 as Organizational Unique Identifier
• Last 6 administrated by the manufacturer
Without MAC same as without name (every device
except hub and repeater has mac address)
CCNA1 - Ethernet
CSMA/CD
– Carrier sense
– Multiple access
– Collision detection
After collision, keep sending a while (JAM signal), wait
random time and try again
CCNA1 - Ethernet
- In shared media only one machine can send
at same time -> collisions
- OSI Layer 1
- Encapsulation unit bit
- Signal retiming
- Forwarding all traffic, doesn’t use any addresses to see
what to forward
CCNA1 - connectivity
Switch and bridge (MAC)
- OSI Layer 2
- Encapsulation unit frame
- Microsegmentation (one collision domain for each full duplex
connection)
- Breaks collision domains
- Switches forward broadcasts (doesn’t break broadcast domain)
- Controls traffic by examining senders (source) MAC-address and
making table from learned source MAC-addresses.
- If switch doesn’t have destination MAC-address in memory, frame is
forwarded out from all ports except the one where it was received!
• Switches use three different switching modes.
• Cut-through switching
– Low latency
– No error checking
– Symmetric switching
• Fragment-free switching
– Latency somewhere in between
– Reads the first 64 bytes of a frame to ensure the
integrity of frame.
– Symmetric switching
• Store-and-forward switching
– High latency
– Full error checking (FCS)
– Asymmetric switching
• After dividing the network into several
collision domains, we must use either
multicast or broadcast frames to reach all
devices.
• These two techniques can cause severe
congestion problems too. Spanning tree
protocol is used to resolve switching loops.
CCNA1 Switches
• Spanning tree protocol
– Prevent switching loops
– Bridge Protocol Data Unit messages are sent
through the switch network, so that all
connected switches are known. Based on this
information the Root bridge is selected.
– The Spanning Tree Algorithm is used to resolve
and shutdown redundant paths.
CCNA1 - Router
Router (IP)
- Layer 3
- Encapsulation unit packet
- Ip addressing
- Routing
- Breaks collision domains and broadcast domains
- Routing (reititys) protocol (RIP,IGRP,EIGRP,OSPF)
- Routed (reititettävät) protocol (IP,IPX)
• How do routers know where to deliver packets? The
answer is logical address = IP address.
IP
• IP address
– 32 bit long, divided in four octets (8 bit/octet)
– Decimal values can be between 0 – 255 (total
of 256 numbers)
– IP address is divided in two parts; network and
host
– There is 5 different classes of IP addresses
Address classes
IP
• How to manage large IP networks (e.g. class A
address have +16 million hosts)?
• Using subnets.
– You borrow bits from host portion to create subnets.
– At the same time you lose some host addresses (first
address from each network is called network
address, last address from each network is called
broadcast address, first network, last network)
• Got IP address CLASS C 193.166.100.0 /24
netmask (255.255.255.0) from ISP
• Need to split network into 5 subnets
• 2^1= 2
• 2^2= 4 4-2=2 usable, not enough
• 2^3 = 8 8-2=6 usable subnets, 3 bits needed for
subnets
• 2^1= 2
• 2^2= 4
• 2^3 = 8
• 2^4= 16
• …..
• 2^10=1024 1024-2=1022, not enough
• 2^11=2048 2048-2=2046, 11 bits needed for hosts
• Netmask = 32 bits, 11 bits for hosts 32-11=21 bits for networks
Subnetting
• 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
• 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
• 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
• 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
• 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
• 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0