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=
T
C
Curie-Weiss law :
. Langavins analysis
. Temperature dependence of paramagnetism
- Paramagnetism has net magnetic moments:
No field : M=0
Field is applied, low Temp.
B
Field is applied, and High Temp.
B
T
_
Classical Theory of Paramagnetism
:(vector)
u cos B
EP
=
The Magnetization(M) =The total magnetic moments per unit volume
}
}
=
t
u
t
u
u u
u u u
0
cos
0
cos
sin
cos sin
d
e
d
e
n
a
a
}
=
n
dn M
0
cosu
} }
= =
n
a
d
e
K dn n
0 0
cos
sin 2
t
u
u u t
}
=
t
u
u u u t
0
cos
cos sin 2 d
e
K
a
}
=
t
u
u u
t
0
cos
sin
2
d
n
K
e
a
B
. Langavin Function
Let dn be the number of moments inclined at an angle between u & u+du
When no field is applied dn dA (solid angle)
When field is applied dn is proportional to dA x Boltzmann factor
. ) sin(
cos
exp 2 exp u u
u
t d
kT
B
K
kT
E
KdA dn
p
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
}
}
=
a
a n
a
e e
e e
n
dx
e
dx
e
x n
a a
a a
ax
ax
1
coth
1
1
1
1
1
u u
u
d dx
x
sin
cos
=
=
a
a
M
M 1
coth
0
=
n
M
=
0
Langavin function :
+ =
945
2
45 3
) (
5 3
a a
a
a L
T
B
a
k
=
Conclusions from Langavin function:
1. Saturation will occur if a is large enough.
Large B or low T is necessary
2. At small a, the magnetization M varies linearly with B.
. Relationship between Langavin theory and Curies law
For small a, L(a)=a/3=B/3kT, M=M
0
L(a)
.
.
3
,
3
2
0
2
0 0
kT B f or valid
const Curie
k
n
C where
T
C
kT
n
B
M
H M
<<
= =
= = =
=
_
_
is called paramagnetic volume susceptibility, n is number density.
Mass susceptibility :
kg Number
m Number
N
N
m
m
/
/
,
3
= = =
_
_
Molecular Susceptibility :
N should be replaced by N
A
Understand some more formulae from S.O.Pillai
for Numerical
Note:
. Curie-Weiss law; Wiess Theory of Paramagnetism:
Lengevins theory failed to explain the complicated
type of dependence of susceptibility upon
temperature exhibited by many paramagnetic
substances
e.g. Compressed & cooled gases
Solid salts & crystals etc.
Moreover, this theory does not throw light on the intimate
relationship between para & ferromagnetic materials
To overcome these problems, the concept of
intermolecular field was introduced by Weiss, on
assuming the mutual influence of magnetic moments.
Molecular field (H
i
) :
The interaction of elementary moments with one another
Let this internal molecular field H
i
be represented
in terms of its own magnetization
H
i
= M
- molecular field coefficient
Quantum Theory of Paramagnetism
. Quantum theory and Classical theory
u cos B
E
P
=
Classical theory : The energy of a system is varied continuously.
=All values of angle are possible.
Quantum theory : The change of energy is discrete i.e is discrete
=
u u u
u
3 2 1
, ,
u
u
L
m
l
=+l
m
l
= - l
B
The component of in the direction of the applied field
eff
B
J
H
M
g =
M
J
: Quantum number associated with J
J, J-1, J-2, -(J-2), -(J-1), -J
J : Integer or half-integer of 1/2
The effective moments( )
eff
Oe erg J J
mc
eh
g
eff
/ ) 1 (
4
+ =
t
B
J J g ) 1 ( + =
Quantum Theory of Paramagnetism
. Brillouin function
- The procedure of derivation is the same as Langavin, except that.
(1)
(2)
u
B
J
H
M
g = cos
}
J
J
J
M
du
t
) (
0
H
M
g
E
B
J P
=
Boltzmann factor =
e e
kT H
M
g kT
E
B
J P
/ /
=
=
J
J
kT H g
J
J
kT H g
B
J
e
e M
B
J
B
J
M
M
g
n
/
/
)
`
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=
J
a
J J
J
J
J
ngM
a
B
J
2
`
coth
2
1
2
1 2
coth
2
1 2 `
kT
H
kT
H gM
a
H B
J
= = `
,
A special case
If
kT
J J
kT H g M
B
B J
3
) 1 ( g
then
If
2 2
+
=
<<
= M/H
0
Quantum Theory of Paramagnetism
When a` is small,
`) , (
3
) 1 `(
`) , (
a J B ngJ M
J
J a
a J B
B
=
+
=
kT
H n
eff
3
2
=
T
C
AkT
N
H
M
eff
= = = =
3
2
k
_
Ak
N
C
eff
3
2
=
X =?
For detail expressions follow S.O. Pillai book
Quantum Theory of Paramagnetism
J
a
J
a
J
J
J
J
M
M
2
`
coth
2
1
2
1 2
coth
2
1 2
`
0
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=
Brillouin function, B(J,a)
1) If J = infinite, B(J,a`) =
`
1
` coth
a
a
) ( ) , ( a L a J B =
2) If J=1/2(only spin contribution),
` tanh a`) B(J,
0
a
M
M
= =
. Paramagnetic materials
atoms or ions which have a net magnetic moment
because of noncancellation of the spin and orbital component.
Salts of the transition elements
- Incomplete inner shells
- Magnetic moments due almost to spin(g 2)
- This metal salts obey the Curie or Curie-Weiss law with a small
~
Salts and oxides of the rare earths
Rare-earth elements