First Semester 2009/2010

Philadelphia University Dept. of Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering

Lecturer: Saleem Al_Zoubi

Week 3

Standards

Required to allow for interoperability between equipment. Standards in data communication have two categories : De facto( meaning by fact), De jure( meaning by low ). Advantages:
Ensures a large market for equipment and software Allows products from different vendors to communicate

Disadvantages:

Freeze technology May be multiple standards for the same thing

Standards Organizations
ISO( International Organization for Standardization ). ANSI( American National Standards Institute ). IEEE( Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ITU-T( International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standards).

What is a Protocol?

A Protocol is a set of rule that governs data communication. For two entities to communicate successfully, they must speak the same language. What is communicated, how it is communicated, and when it is communicated must conform. These conventions are referred to as a protocol.

Key Elements of a Protocol

Syntax
Data formats Signal levels

Semantics
Control information for coordination( meaning of each section ). Error handling

Timing
When data should be send. How fast they can be sent

The OSI Model

Open Systems Interconnection. Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

Model for understanding and developing computer-to-computer communication. Developed in the 1980s. Divides network architecture into seven layers.

OSI cont.

A layer model Each layer performs a subset of the required communication functions Each layer relies on the next lower layer to perform more primitive functions Each layer provides services to the next higher layer Changes in one layer should not require changes in other layers

OSI layer

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

OSI layer

Protocol Data Units (PDU)

At each layer, protocols are used to communicate Control information is added to user data at each layer For example, the transport layer may fragment user data Each fragment has a transport header added
Destination SAP Sequence number Error detection code

This creates a transport protocol data unit (TPDU)

An exchange using the OSI model

The OSI Environment

Layer 1
Application Presentation Session Application Presentation Session

Transport Network Data Link Physical

Layer-1 Device

Layer-1 Device

Transport Network Data Link Physical

no addressing scheme needed

Layer 2
Application Presentation Session Application Presentation Session

Transport Network Data Link Physical

Layer-2 Device

Layer-2 Device

Transport Network Data Link Physical

layer 2 addressing scheme needed

Layer 3
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Layer-3 Device

Layer-3 Device

layer 2/3 addressing schemes needed

Physical Layer

Layer 1. Responsible of:

Transmitting individual bits from one to the next. Physical characteristics of interface and media. Representation of bits: a stream of bit(0s,1s), Data rate. Synchronize of bits

Physical Layer cont.

Data Link layer

Layer 2. Responsible of:

Moving frames from one hop (node) to the next. Framing: divided the stream of bits received from the network layer manageable data units called frames. Physical address (MAC address). Flow control. Error control: added trailer to the end of frame. Access control. Hop-to-Hop( node-to-node).

Data Link layer cont.

10110110101

01100010011

10110000001

Hop-to-Hop delivery

Network Layer

Layer 3.
The network layer is responsible:
The delivery of individual packets from the original source to the final destination . Logical addressing: if the packet passes the network boundary we need another addressing system to help (source to destination) connection. Routing : route or switch the packet to final destination. Source-to-destination delivery (End-to-End).

Network Layer cont.

Source-to-Destination delivery

Transport Layer

Layer 4. The transport layer is responsible for: the delivery of a message from one process to another ( Process-to-Process delivery ). Port addressing : get the message to the correct process on the computer via port address.

provides virtual end-to-end links between peer processes. Segmentation and reassembly : a message is divided into transmittable segments each segment containing a sequence no. Connection Control: connection oriented or connectionless. Flow control : Error control:

Transport Layer cont.

Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

Session Layer
Layer 5. Is the network dialog controller , design to establish, maintain, and synchronize the interaction between communicating systems.

Session Layer cont.

Presentation Layer
Layer 6. Design to the handle the syntax and semantic of the information exchanged between 2 systems. And design for data translation, encryption, decryption, and compression.

Presentation Layer cont.

Application Layer
Layer 7. The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user. Mail services: File transfer and access: Remote log-in: Accessing the World Wide Web.

Anything not provided by any of the other layers.

Application Layer cont.

SMTP Telnet

HTTP

SMTP

Telnet

HTTP

Summary

Application
Presentation

data stream
data stream data stream
data data data

data

Session
Transport

Segments

Network
Data link
Frame H

Network header

data

packets

Network H

data

From trailer

Frames

Physical 1110111 0111 011111101

Bits

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

The TCP/IP protocol suite is a hierarchical protocol , made of five layers: physical, data link, network, transport, and application.

Some Protocols in TCP/IP Suite

2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-tonetwork, internet, transport, and application. However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical, data link, network, transport, and application.

Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model

2-5 ADDRESSING
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical Addresses Logical Addresses Port Addresses Specific Addresses

Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP

Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

SCTP: Stream Control Transmission Protocol TCP: Transmission Control Protocol UDP: User Datagram Protocol

Example 2.1
In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.

Figure 2.19 Physical addresses

Example 2.2
As we will see in Chapter 13, most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon, as shown below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

Example 2.3
Figure 2.20 shows a part of an internet with two routers connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for each connection. In this case, each computer is connected to only one link and therefore has only one pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to three networks (only two are shown in the figure). So each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each connection.

Figure 2.20 IP addresses

Example 2.4
Figure 2.21 shows two computers communicating via the Internet. The sending computer is running three processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The receiving computer is running two processes at this time with port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending computer needs to communicate with process j in the receiving computer. Note that although physical addresses change from hop to hop, logical and port addresses remain the same from the source to destination.

Figure 2.21 Port addresses

Note
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop, but the logical addresses usually remain the same.

Example 2.5
As we will see in Chapter 23, a port address is a 16-bit address represented by one decimal number as shown.

753
A 16-bit port address represented as one single number.
The physical addresses change from hop to hop, but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same.

Network Interface Card (NIC)

In general, a NIC performs four essential tasks:

1. It prepares the parallel data from the host computer's (server or workstation) bus into serial data suitable for the network cable.

1. It transmits that serial data to another computer on the network.

1. It controls the flow of data between a computer and the network cabling. 4. It receives incoming serial data from the network cable and translates it into parallel data that can be passed to the computer's bus and processed by the system's CPU.

Network Devices

Modem: a device that modulates a digital signal onto analog signal for transmission over telephone lines.

RJ 11

Repeater

Re-generates the signal again.

Hub
Forwards individual bits. Used in LAN to connect devices. non-intelligent.

1. Passive As the name somewhat denotes, this class of hub simply accepts a signal from one port and retransmits it without any form of amplification to all other nodes.

2. Active Addressing the need for larger networks, the active hub provides amplification and retiming to a signal prior to retransmission.

Switch
Forwards frames based on destination address. Transparent: learns without configuration.

Used in LAN to connect devices.

Bridge
Bridge: a device connecting two network segments

Router
Copies packets from one network to another. A connecting device between LANs and WANs

Gateway Operates as a router. Connect different application protocols.

DEVICES : 1. Hub, a distributor that has a lot of ports which connected to computers.

2. Switches, like a hub but it transmit packets to it destination

3. Bridge, it is used to connect two similar LANs. 4. Routers, choose the best path to transmit the packet. 5. Gateway, it is use to connect two deferent LANs. 6. Repeaters, repeats signals that travels via long distance

Network devices With Layer

Layers Application Layer Network Devices Application gateway

Transport Layer
Network Layer Data link layer Physical Layer

Transport gateway
Router and gateway Bridge and Switch Repeater, Hub and Modem.