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Regression Analysis
It is the study of the functional relationship between variables. It is one of the most commonly used tools for business analysis for prediction and forecasting.
It is easy to use and applies to many situations.
Regression Types
Simple Regression: The regression analysis confined to only study of two variables. Multiple Regression: The regression analysis involving study of more than two variables.
Dependant/Explained Variable: the single variable being explained/ predicted by the regression model. In other words variable whos value is to be predicted.
Independent variable: The explanatory variable(s) used to predict the dependant variable.
Coefficients (): values, computed by the regression tool, reflecting relationship between explanatory/independent variable and dependent variable. Residuals (): the portion of the dependent variable that isnt explained by the model; the model under and over predictions.
Regression Analysis
Linear Regression: When the relationship between the dependent variable and an independent variable is linear, the technique of prediction is known as Simple Linear Regression or Straight-line relationship represented as follows: y=ax+b
FORMULAS
Regression Coefficients:byx = n XY- (X) (y) n (X2 ) - (X)2
bxy = n XY- (X) (y) n (Y2 ) - (Y)2
Regression Equations
yab x
House Price in $1000s (y) 245 312 279 308 199 219 405 324 319
Square Feet (x) 1400 1600 1700 1875 1100 1550 2350 2450 1425
Sample Data
255
1700
CALCULATION
CALCULATION
Regression Coefficients:byx = n XY- (X) (y) n (X2 ) - (X)2 = 1725000 = 0.10976 15715000
Output. . .
The regression equation is:
house price 98.24833 0.10977(squarefeet)
Regression Slope
0.10977
Graphical Presentation
House price model: scatter plot and regression line
450
400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Square Feet
Slope = 0.10977
Intercept = 98.248
b measures the estimated change in the average value of Y as a result of a oneunit change in X.
Here, b = .10977 tells us that the average value of a house increases by .10977($1000) = $109.77, on average, for each additional one square foot of size
279
308 199 219 405
1700
1875 1100 1550 2350
324
319 255
2450
1425 1700
ACTIVITY 1
Find both the regression equation from the following data:X=60; Y=40; X2=4160; Y2=1720; XY=1150; N=10
ACTIVITY 2
The table gives age of cars and annual maintenance costs. Obtain the regression equation for costs related to age. Also estimate the annual maintenance cost for a 10 year old car.
Age of Cars (in yrs) 2 4 6 8 Maintenance Cost (Rs.) 10 20 25 30
ACTIVITY 3
Find both the regression coefficient, if SD(X)= 4 ; SD(Y)=3 and Coefficient of Correlation between X & Y is 0.8.
ACTIVITY 4
Compute 2 lines of regression on the basis of following information.
Adv Exp (X) Mean SD 10 3 Sales (Y) 90 12
Also note Karl Pearsons Coefficient of Correlation between Advertisement Exp & Sales is 0.8. Also estimate the advertisement expenditure required to attain sales target of Rs.120 lakhs.
ACTIVITY 5
For 10 observations on price(X) and supply(Y) the following data were obtained. Find out the line of regression of Y on X and estimate the supply when price is 16 units and find out the standard error of estimate. X=130; Y=220; X2=2288; Y2=5506; XY=3467.
ACTIVITY 6
For a given set of bi variate data, the following results were obtained: X=5000; Y=10,000; X2=260000; Y2=10,40,000; XY=516000; n=100 Calculate following: Find the predicted value of Y when X=60. What is the SE of estimate in the reg. Y on X.
Property 2
If one of the regression coefficient is greater than unity then other must be less than unity.