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Brief Overview
Problems
with increasing network demands Solutions proposed & their limitations Evolution of DWDM Technical details Drawbacks Ongoing Research Conclusion
Increase channel capacity: TDM, WDM Statistical multiplexing of users: Multiple optical fibers
Slotting of channels simultaneous users Increasing bit rate to maximize utilization of given bandwidth
WDM
Use of optical fibers to achieve higher speeds Utilize wavelengths to multiplex users Allow continuous channel allocation per user Increases the effective bandwidth of existing fiber
TDM
WDM
Inefficient usage of full capacity of the optical fiber Capability of carrying signals efficiently over short distances only
Evolution of DWDM
Late 1990s 1996 DWDM Early 1990s Narrowband WDM
64+ channels 25~50 GHz spacing 16+ channels 100~200 GHz spacing
What is DWDM?
Definition
Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is a fiber-optic transmission technique that employs light wavelengths to transmit data parallel-by-bit or serial-by-character
O-E-O required Protocol & Bit Rate independence Increased overall capacity at much lower cost
Current fiber plant investment can be optimized by a factor of at least 32
Transparency
Physical layer architecture supports both TDM and data formats such as ATM, Gigabit Ethernet, etc.
Scalability
IMPLEMENTATION OF DWDM
UNIDIRECTIONAL
Wavelength for one direction travel within one fiber. 2 fibers needed for full duplex system
A group of wavelengths for each direction A single fiber needed for full duplex system.
BIDIRECTIONAL
Transmitting Side
Lasers with precise stable wavelengths Optical Multiplexers
On the Link
Optical fiber Optical amplifiers
Receiving Side
Photo detectors Optical Demultiplexers
Optical Amplifier
Eliminates O-E-O conversions More effective than electronic repeaters Isolator prevents reflection Light at 980nm or 1480nm is injected via the pump laser Gains ~ 30dB; Output Power ~ 17dB
High optical output power used in Tx side. O.P.A. High receiving sensitivity used in receiver side. O.L.A. Compensate the loss of tx used as a regenerator
is the area in which multiple wavelength exists. An OADM can remove some while passing signals other rather than combining & seprating all wavelength. In this add drop is at optical state and no OEO conversion takes place.It is made by circular & tunable fiber.
FEATURES OF DWDM
DWDM
network is smooth upgradable network. Forward error correction technology is used in DWDM. Channel equalisation technology is used for better performance. DWDM can be used upto 640 km. Main channel & supervisory channel are independent.
Drawbacks
Dispersion
wave mixing
Non-linear nature of refractive index of optical fiber Limits channel capacity of the DWDM System
DWDM is ready made for long-distance telecommunications operators that use either pointtopoint or ring topologies. By deploying DWDM terminals, an operator can construct a 100% protected, 40 Gb/s ring, with 16 separate communication signals using only two fibers. DWDM wil be especcially attractive to companies. Network wholesalers can take advantage of DWDM to lease capacity.
Ongoing Developments
Nortel
Networks
Systems Technologies
Conclusion
Robust
and simple design Works entirely in the Optical domain Multiplies the capacity of the network many fold Cheap Components Handles the present BW demand cost effectively Maximum utilization of untapped resources Best suited for long-haul networks