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Fundamentos de los Sistemas de Cable

Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0


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BROADBAND
El trmino Broadband es generalmente usado para describir sistemas o equipo de banda ancha que pueden llevar una gran parte del espectro electromagntico. Una comunicacin de banda ancha acomoda el Brodcast (difusin) as como muchos otros servicios. En sistemas analgicos, el ancho de banda es dado en ciclos por segundo (Hz). Ejemplos de sistemas de comunicacin de banda ancha analgica incluyen la difusin de canales de TV de 6Mhz de ancho de banda o un sistema de cable completo con anchos de banda de 450, 550, 750 o 1000 Mhz Cuando se describen sistemas digitales, la transmisin es dada en bits por segundo (bps). Ejemplos de sistemas de comunicacin de banda ancha digital incluye sistemas DS-3 con tasas de transferencia de 44.736 Mbps sistemas con tasas de 100Mbos en interfase digital de fibra (FDDI). BROADBAND generalmente se usa para indicar un sistema analgico de banda ancha integrado con un sistema digital de alta tasa de transeferencia de datos.

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RED DE COMUNICACINES DE BANDA ANCHA


La definicin de una red de comunicaciones de banda ancha consiste de 5 componentes bsicos: 1.- Localidad de subida satelital (Uplink). Sitio donde las seales son generadas o adquiridas para ser subidas al satlite para su transmisin a las localidades de cabecera final (Headend). 2.- Localidad de Cabecera final local. Sitio donde son recibidas y descargadas las seales provenientes del satlite para ser procesadas para la distribucin masiva a clientes. 3.- Sistema de Distribucin. Red o dispositivos de transmisin usado para entregar seales de video y audio (programacin de canales) y/o datos digitales a los clientes. 4.- Sistema de concentracin/retransmisin. Localidad o dispositivos encargados de la concentracin, recuperacin, regeneracin y retrasmisin de las seales del sistema de distribucin. 5.-Localidad del cliente. Localidad del suscriptor donde las seales son recibidas y presentadas para ser vistas, escuchadas o atendidas.

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Transmisin de enlace satelital de subida

En una localidad de subida, las seales de canales de programacin son procesadas con alguno o todos los procesos tales como Codificacin, Encriptacin, Compresin, etc. y transmitidas en la banda de 5.9 a 6.4 Ghz a un satlite de rbita geoestacionaria sobre el ecuador (velocidad angular igual a la rotacin de la tierra) a 36000 Kms sobre la tierra dodne el satlite mantiene su posicin relativa ajustada a la de la tierra) (equivalente a 3 veces la altura de crucero de un avin comercial de pasajeros). Un transpondedor a bordo del satlite convierte la seal a la banc C de 3.7 4.2 Ghz Banda Ku 11.7 12.2 Ghz y usando antenas direccionales ests son redirigidas a la tierra en la zona de cobertura designada a las localidades de cabecera final (Headend).
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Procesamiento de la Seal Procesamiento de la Seal


CONVERSION DE SEALES SATELITALES A RF El la localidad de la cabecera, una antenda de la estacin terrena satelital (ESA) recibe la seal, un bloque de bajo ruido (LNB) reconvierte la seal digital a banda L (950 1450 Mhz) y la encamina al equipo de procesamiento en el HE digital. DECODIFICADOR DE SEALES ANALOGICAS La seal de Banda L es decodificada y demodulada en componentes de Audio y Video usando un receptor/decodificador satelital MODULADOR DE RF El modulador asigna el video y audio a portadoras seleccionadas (Canales de TV). La frecuencia Intermedia IF dela portadora de video es 45.75 Mhz y 41.25 Mhz para la portadora de audio. La relacin de seal de salida del Audio Video esta revertida (Formato NTSC).

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Procesamiento de la Seal

Antena peridica tipo Log Una antena peridica tipo Log es usada para recibir canales de TV VHF y est localizada en el la localidad de la cabecera.

Antena Peridica tipo Yagi Las antenas peridicas tipo Yagi son usadas para la recepcin de seales generadas por compaias para la difusin de TV fuera de aire; canales 2 a 6 (Banda baja de VHF) o 7 a 13 (Banda alta de VHF)

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Procesamiento de la Seal

PROCESADOR HETERODINO El procesador Heterodino reconvierte las seales de entrada a una frecuencia intermedia (IF) para filtrado, procesamiento y control de nivel. La seal es entonces reconvertida nuevamente a la frecuencia original de la portadora de RF o a una nueva frecuencia de portadora deseada.

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Procesamiento de la Seal
Canales de TV fuera de aire (Offf-Air)

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Procesamiento de la Seal

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Procesamiento de la Seal
Los canales individuales de los moduladores y procesadores heterodinos de TV (RF) son combinados usando una red combinadota pasiva. Las seales combinadas son amplificadas por un post amplificador de bajo ruido y distorsin para proveer el suficiente nivel de seal de entrada apropiada a los transmisores pticos.

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10

Distribucin de la Seal

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11

Otros Sistemas de Transmisin de Video


Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS)

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12

Otros Sistemas de Transmisin de Video


Multichannel Multipoint Distribution System (MMDS) MMDS is a cable TV delivery system that rebroadcasts signals directly to subscribers. Frequency range: 2.5 to 2.7 GHz. Transmit radius up to 30 miles. 33 analog channels available. 20 channels allocated to ITFS. Up to 14 digital services (programs/channels), depending on the compression ratio. Limited to line-of-sight. 4 MHz response channel - used for distance learning and educational programming. Telephone (Telco) return path.

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13

Otros Sistemas de Transmisin de Video


Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS) LMDS systems transport the headend signals over fiber to cell nodes that transmit over-the-air to subscribers. Fiber-interconnect to cell nodes. Frequency range: 27.5 to 29.25 GHz. Cell radius 3 to 6 miles. 41 analog channels. Up to 14 programs/channel with digital transmission. Limited to line-of-sight transmission.

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14

Otros Sistemas de Transmisin de Video

Satellite Master Antenna System (SMATV) SMATV systems serve residential, multi-dwelling units (MDUs), such as hotels. Unfranchised, stand-alone system. MDUs are linked via microwave facilities. 18 GHz.

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15

Asignacion Espectral de las seales de cable coaxial y fibra


CONTROL Y MULTIMEDIA
TELECOMUNICACIONES Canales Analogos Informacion digital Comprimida: Video, Telefonia, Datos, HDTV, VOD

MONITOREO Y ESTADO (5.5 Mhz)

12

15

40

50

550 AVANZADA Downstream 1 Canal Analogico NTSC = 6 Mhz HDTV : TV de Alta Definicion VOD : Video en Demanda

860

RETORNO (Upstream)

5 40 Mhz : Seales de retorno 50 500 Mhz : Seales Analogas y Digitales de FWD

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16

Ubicacin del Espectro de Subida


(Retorno)

-5

Monitoreo De Estado Sealizacion de Retorno para VOD y NOVD

Sealizacion de RET para servicios de monitoreo y control

Servicio de Datos De Alta Velocidad Y Telefonia (Docsis)

-10

-15

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

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17

Espectro de Avanzada (Modelo#1)

54-88 MHz Canales anlogos inferiores VHF dB 0 -5 -10 -15

88-108 MHz Estaciones locales de FM y servicio de opcin musical 72-76 MHz Zona que puede utilizarse tambin para servicios de FM incrementados

108-552 MHz Canales anlogos de banda media, alta y superior

Servicios de informacin de alta velocidad

552-750 MHz Modulacin QAM, transmisin comprimida digitalmente

FREC

FSK Seal de interrogacin del monitoreo de estado LIFELINE

50

150

250

350

450

550

650
18

750

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Espectro de Avanzada (Modelo#2)

dB 0 -5 -10 -15

Transmisin de video digital VOD

Servicios de informacin de alta velocidad

FREC

50

150

250

350

450

550

650
19

750

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Canal de TV Analogica NTSC (6 Mhz)

4,2 Mhz

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20

La radiodifusin de TV se logra transmitiendo y recibiendo 2 campos uno par y otro impar de 262.5 lneas cada uno. La reproduccin de una escena de TV en una pantalla de rayos catdicos requiere de la sincronizacin entre cada lnea pares e impares de manera independiente, para lograr la reconstruccin de la imagen se aade una seal pulso de sincronizacin.
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21

Con la incorporacin de impulsos sincronizadores horizontales y verticales en el intervalo de extincin, los receptores de TV puedes reconstruir la informacin de video recibida
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22

CONVERSION ANALOGA A DIGITAL

Seal anloga

Anlisis digital
Amplitud
7 8 9 10 11 12

Seal digital
Vlvula Digital 10101110 11100100 11111001 . . . 100100100 201010010

123456

Anlisis #

Tono puro (Sinusoidal)

Tiempo

Anlisis # 1 2 3 . . . 11 12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112

Anlisis #

Tono complejo (aleatorio)


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Tiempo

Anlisis # 1 2 3 . . . 11 12

Vlvula Digital 10100110 10011001 10101011 . . . 11001111 00010010


23

Amplitud

DIGITALIZACION A DS

Un DS es un circuito de voz La banda ancha NYQUIST para un DS es 3.5 kHz x 2 = 7.0 kHz. La relacin de anlisis prctico es 8.0 kHz. 8 kHz x 8 bits/anlisis = 64 kbps.

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24

DIGITALIZACION DEL VIDEO

La banda ancha NYQUIST para video NTSC es 4.2 MHz x 2 = 8.4 MHz La relacin de anlisis prctica (Estndar mundial CCIR 601) es 13.5 MHz 13.5 MHz x 8 bits/anlisis = 108 Mbps.

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25

FUNDAMENTOS DE LA COMPRESION
Algunas porciones son muy similares a zonas de cuadros subsiguientes con cierto grado de desplazamiento que se debe al movimiento de la porcion. en este caso la persona caminando mientras cruza la calle donde el resto del paisaje se mantiene inerte. Ciertas zonas pequeas dentro de un cuadro son similares a zonas contigiuas. Esto equivale a indicar de manera de codigo cuales zonas consiguientes son parecidas y las cuales no incluyen movimiento con lo cual solo ciertas porciones contien informacion de movimiento y diferencias entre zonas reduciendo de esta manera enormemente la informacion de la imagen.
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26

COMPRESION ESPACIAL

8 Pixeles

Imgenes

8 Pixeles

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27

ETAPAS DE COMPRESION

Correccin del error

Codifiacin Huffman

Digitalizacin Codificacin de fuente (DCT)

Compensacin de movimiento

Correccin de error

Video comprimido

Informacin redundante
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28

Canal de TV Digital

Una Seal digital es mucho mas robusta al ruido del sistema al incluir un ancho de banda dedicado para la deteccin y correccin de errores.
Las seales Digitales pueden ser comprimidas usando de esta manera menos ancho de banda.

Las seales Digitales pueden ser codificadas y encriptadas desde su origen para prevenir el uso no autorizado.
El estndar internacional para video comprimido digital es el MPEG.

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29

Diagrama de Flujo de Cabecera Digital

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30

Segmentos de Red

Transporte

Distribucion

Acceso
Taps 2, 4, 8 y 16 puertos

Hub

Hub

Node Amplificadores

Metro

Hub

Hub

Cliente

HE

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31

Generacion

Transporte

Distribucion

Acceso

HE

Hub

Node

Metro

HE

HE

Cliente

HE

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32

Componentes de un Sistema de Cable (Red de Comunicaciones de Banda Ancha)

Cable Modem
Planta Externa o Red HFC (Hibrida Fibra y Coax)

Head End

TV
Set-Top Box Nodo de Distribucion Procesamiento de Seal Amplificador de Distribucion Tap Datos & Telefonia

1) El Headend o cabecera tiene la funcion de recolectar las seales digitales de video, datos y RF. 2) Las seales recolectadas incluyen la entrega de seales satelitales Analogicas y Digitales, Difusion de RF (VHF, UHF), video pregrabado, microondas AM y FM, Video Banda Base, Datos y Telefonia. 3) Las seales recolectadas son Multiplexadas y/o Combinadas (Intercaladas) para la entrada en el Sistema de distribucion via los amplificadores de distribucion o amplificacion de luz por laser (Nodos) 4) El Headend tambien procesa todas las seales de retorno del sistema de distribucion.
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33

Arquitecturas de Red

Arbol y Ramas (Tree and Branch)


-Arquitectura original de CATV. -Largas cascadas de amplificadores la caracterizan (40+). -Sin derivadores entre los amplificadores troncales. -Derivadores en los cables de alimentacin

HE

-Extensores de Lnea en la cascada.


-Acondicionado para servicios de video. -Bajo desempeo, confiabilidad y alto costo
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34

Arquitecturas de Red
Fiber Backbone Este fue el metodo inicial de desarrollo e implementacin de fibra donde los nodos fueron colcados en segmentos de la red en areas de servicio mas peqeas (5mil a 10mil casas pasadas) para reducir las cascadasd e amplificadores e incrementar el desempeo. Adicionalmente increment el desempeo del retorno y su capacidad. Solo una pequeo porcentaje de sistemas nuevos implementaron esta arquitectura.

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35

Arquitecturas de Red

HFC Hybrid Fiber-Coax


-La arquitectura de red mas usada. -Se introduce dentro de la red segmentandola. -Reduce las cascadas de amplificadores incrementeando el desempeo, Confiabilidad y reduciendo el alto costo por uso de amplificadores. -Incrementa la capacidad y desempeo del retorno. -El cable de fibra optica es inmune a los tradicionales problemas como las variaciones de Temperatura e inteferencias de RF. -Flexible adecuandola para Video, Voz, Datos y Servicios interactivos. Amplificadores de distribucion No taps en cable troncal

HE

Node

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Arquitectura de Red Actual

HFC Hibrido Fibra-Coaxial


-La arquitectura de red mas usada. -Se introduce dentro de la red segmentandola. -Reduce las cascadas de amplificadores incrementeando el desempeo, Confiabilidad y reduciendo el alto costo por uso de amplificadores. -Incrementa la capacidad y desempeo del retorno. -El cable de fibra optica es inmune a los tradicionales problemas como las variaciones de Temperatura e inteferencias de RF. -Flexible adecuandola para Video, Voz, Datos y Servicios interactivos.
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Hub

Metro

Hub

Hub GX2

Node

HE

37

BLASTER AENABAC"
Arquitectura Estrategica de Niveles de Banda Ancha para Aumentar Confiabilidad

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38

Diseo Convencional

500 CASAS
BTD

SECTOR 2
60 V CENTRO DE

500 CASAS
BTD

LA MASA

500 CASAS

NODO 60 V

BTD

SECTOR 3

SECTOR 1

60 V

BTD

SECTOR 4
60 V

500 CASAS

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AREA DE 2000 CASAS

39

MIGRACION????? RETORNO?????

BTD

60 V

SECTOR 1

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AREA DE 500 CASAS PASADAS


40

MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

Que es Common Path Distorion ????????

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41

Puntos de Falla???

NODO
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12 PUNTAS De FALLA
42

Puntos de Falla???

2 2 PUNTAS De FALLA
NODO
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10 PUNTAS MENOS

43

26 CASAS PASADAS

CELLULA 1
BTD 104 CASAS PASADAS

14 17

20
26 CASAS PASADAS

23
26 CASAS PASADAS BTD

10

14

17

20

23 23

26

23

20

17

14

20
17 14
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26 CASAS PASADAS

10

44

AREA DE 2000 CASAS PASADO

MB MB

MB MB

BT

BT

BT

MB

MB

BT

MB

BT

MB

BLASTER - Area de servico con multi celulas


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MB

45

AREA DE 2000 CASAS PASADO

MB MB

MB

BT

500 CASAS
MB

500 CASAS

90
BT

500 CASAS 500 CASAS


BT MB

BT

MB

MB

BT

MB

BLASTER - Colocas el nodo y se conectan las celulas. El numero de activos por cada rama es determinado por la densidad y el tamao de el nodo..
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MB

46

AREA DE 2000 CASAS PASADO

MB MB

LINE EXTENDER
MB

BT

500 CASAS
MB

500 CASAS

90
BT

500 CASAS 500 CASAS


BT MB

BT

LINE EXTENDER

MB

MB

BT

MB

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BLASTER - Colocas el nodo y conectar los celulares. El numero de activos por cada rama es determinado por la densida y el tamano de el nodo..
47

MB

MB MB

MB MB

BT

BT

BT

MB

MB

BT

MB

BT

MB

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MB

48

MB MB

MB MB

BT

BT

BT

MB

MB

BT

MB

BT

MB

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MB

49

90

splice

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50

BLASTER Diseo #1 Comparacion

BLASTER contra Fiber-To-Feeder Area de 9.5 km Densidad de 210 casas por km


Nodo de 2,000 casas pasadas

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51

BLASTER Diseo #1
Comparacion Resultados
7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

4 3 1.5 1

Activos por km

Cascada

Fiber-To-Feeder
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BLASTER
52

BLASTER Diseo #1 Comparacion Resultados

BLASTER 17 Activos

FIBER TO FEEDER 28 Activos

Ahora de 40% en Activos


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53

BLASTER Comparacion

BLASTER

CONVENCIONAL

1 - BTD @ TOTAL

$900 $900

4-LINE EXTENDERS @ $ 300 TOTAL $1,200

AHORO= $ 300 PRECIO DE LISTA


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54

BLASTER Diseno #2 Comparacion Resultados

BLASTER contra Fiber-To-Feeder


Area de 12 km Densidad de 208 casas por km
Nodo de 2,500 casas pasada

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55

BLASTER Diseno # 2 Comparacion


Resultados

PRECIO DE LISTA

BLASTER

CONVENCIONAL

16 - BTD @ $900 4-LINE EXT. @ $300

$14,400 $ 1,200

4-BTD @ $900 = $ 3,600 62-LINE EXT. @ $300 = $ 18,600

TOTAL

$15,600

TOTAL

$22,200

AHORO= $ 6,600 POR NODO AHORO= 42% en equipos


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56

BLASTER Diseno # 2 Comparacion Resultados

BLASTER
Consume 16 - BTD @60v =1.20a 4-LINE EXT.@60v-.62

CONVENCIONAL
Consume 4-BTD @60v =1.20a

19.20 2.48

4.8

62-LINE EXT. @60v=.62 38.44

TOTAL

21.68a

TOTAL

43.24a

Fuentes de Poder = 2.0 = Fuentes de Poder = 4.0 AHORO= 2 Fuentes de Poder


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57

BLASTER Disenos con Blaster en Latin


America

CLIENTE CHILE VENEZUELA BRAZIL PERU MEXICO

CONVENCIONAL 30 Activos 51 Activos 28 Activos 10 Activos 117 Activos

BLASTER 15 Activos 28 Activos 15 Activos 2 Activos 54 Activos

CASCADA 3-1 5-2 3-1 2-1 6-3


58

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Ahorro de $2,400 USD 6 Activos @ $900 = $5,400 USD


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13 Activos @ $600 = $7,800 USD


59

Ahorro de $1,800 USD 6 Activos @ $900 = $5,400 USD


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9 Activos @ $800 = $7,200 USD


60

BLASTER - Ventajas
20-50% reduccion en activos
reduccion el consumo de poder y en costos de electricidad reduccion en mantenimiento

Mayor parte de los cellulas son Nodo & 1 en cascada Flexibilidad en migraciones en el futuro Reduce la condicion de Common Path Distortion El cable coaxial se utiliza para mantener el servicio de la fuente de poder a los nodos en la migracion de el futuro . El mejor diseo para obtener confiabilidad de la red
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61

BLASTER - Desventajas
17% addicional de cable paralelo
Arquitectura arbol y rama tiene 20 % de cable paralelo Con Blaster este numero se sube hasta 37%

Los ahoros de Blaster se reducen en densidades menos de 80 casas por km, pero conservas las cascadas bajas ms un ahorro de activos.

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62

Transporte

Transporte

Distribucion

Acceso

HE

Hub

Node

Metro

HE

HE

Cliente

HE

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63

Arquitecturas de Transporte

De Anillo (Areas Grandes / Alta densidad de usuarios)

Hub

Caracteristicas Transporta servicios a grandes areas. Menos fibra es necesaria si se requiere redundancia. Misma seal de ingreso (canal) a cada Hub.

HE

Hub

Posibles configuraciones 1550 nm Digital

Hub

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64

Arquitecturas de Transporte

De Estrella (Areas Pequeas / Baja densidad de usuarios)


Hub

Caracteristicas: Diferentes seales de ingreso (canales) para cada Hub. Generalmente usa menos fibra si el area a cubrir por el Hub es grande. Posibles configuraciones 1550 nm 1310 nm

HE

Hub

Hub

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65

Arquitectura de Anillo
Topologia Lgica

HUB 1
Trayecto Bi-direccional de doble va

HUB 2

Head End

HUB 3
Enlace Primario Enlace Secundario o Redundante

Topologa Fsica

HUB 5
HE

HUB 4

Enlace Primario

HUB 5

HUB 1 HUB 2

HUB 4 HUB 3
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66

Cable Modem Termination System CMTS

Combiner/ Splitter Network

RF/Optical Plattform

Node

TX DATA RX

TV Channels (BroadCast)

Fiber

Coax Trunk Amp

Cable Modem
Splitter

Line Extender

Tap

Set Top Box

Home Subscriber

Personal Computer Television

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67

Transporte Optico
HEADEND HUB

BROADCAST GX2

Anillo de Transporte
GX2 NC RET

Red HFC

CMTS

MBT (SDH) NARROWCAST RETORNO

MBT (SDH)

Anillo de Transporte

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68

Interconexin Regional
INTERCONEXION REGIONAL A LA CABECERA
2000 HOGARES

CABECERA

NODO

NODO

500 HOGARES

CABECERA PRINCIPAL
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69

Componentes del Sistema de Transporte

Video Broadcast

HEADEND MAESTRO

HUB or OTN
l9
l9

PLANTA HFC (NODO)


SG-2000
Fibra Optica

47 ~ 860 MHz

OMNI-LM/LD

l9

1 x 8 Optical Splitter

TRANSMISOR LASER

AM-OMNI-LOA/xx

AM-OMNI-LOA/xx

l9 l9 l9 l9 l9 l9

1550nm DFB

OmniStar

Amplificador Laser

Amplificador Laser

Cable de Fibra Optica

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70

MASTER HEADEND
Broadcast Video

DWDM Architecture
HUB or OTN
l9 l9

HFC PLANT

1 x 8 Optical Splitter

A M - OM N I - LOA / x x

A M - OM N I - LOA / x x

l9 l9 l9 l9 l9 l9 l1 + l9
2x2

SG- 2 0 0 0

E
47 ~ 860 MHz

O
OMNI-LM/LD l9

Om n i St a r 1 5 5 0 n m D FB Tr a n sm i t t e r s
Targeted Services Delivery

SG- 2 0 0 0

O
l1 l2 l3 l4 l5 l6 l7 l8 l1 l2

OMNI-EM TX/860 OMNI-EM TX/860 HFC TELEPHONY DIGITAL VIDEO CABLE MODEMS OMNI-EM TX/860 OMNI-EM TX/860 OMNI-EM TX/860 OMNI-EM TX/860 OMNI-EM TX/860 OMNI-EM TX/860

SG- 2 0 0 0 l1 + l9

l7 l8

5 ~ 40 MHz

D W D M

A M - OM N I - LOA / x x

D W D M

l3 l4 l5 l6

E
OMNI-RPR/2

O
l1 l2 l3 l4 l5 l6 l7 l8

O
l1 l2

E
5 ~ 40 MHz


SG- 2 0 0 0

E
5 ~ 40 MHz

O
OMNI-RPR/2

OMNI-DM TX/200 OMNI-DM TX/200 OMNI-DM TX/200 OMNI-DM TX/200 OMNI-DM TX/200 OMNI-DM TX/200 OMNI-DM TX/200 OMNI-DM TX/200

OMNI-RPR/2

OMNI-RPR/2

D W D M

D W D M

l3 l4 l5 l6 l7 l8

5 ~ 40 MHz

OMNI-RPR/2
5 ~ 40 MHz 5 ~ 40 MHz

5 ~ 40 MHz

5 ~ 40 MHz

OMNI-RPR/2
5 ~ 40 MHz

SG- 2 0 0 0

5 ~ 40 MHz

Forward-Path

OMNI-RPR/2

OMNI-RPR/2
5 ~ 40 MHz 5 ~ 40 MHz

Return-Path

Om n i St a r D u a l Re t u r n - Pa t h Re ce i ve r s

Om n i St a r 1 5 5 0 n m D FB Tr a n sm i t t e r s

Om n i St a r D u a l Re t u r n - Pa t h Re ce i ve r s

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71

Optical Node SG900 Node Voice Data Video

Strand mount EDFA

e as 0B 10

Enterprise Ring
Gigabit Ethernet
Multi-tenant Enterprise Solutions

rn he Et et

Gigabit Ethernet
1550nm Broadband Optical Transport Platform OmniStar GX2 Large Enterprise Solutions Multiservice Broadband Transport MBT Series
HUB

Multiservice Broadband Transport MBT Series

HUB

Voice Data

100

Bas

e Et

Multi-tenant Enterprise Solutions

hern

et
Single-tenant Enterprise Solutions

Voice Data

Voice Data

Optical Passives Platform SpectraStarTM

Dig Tra ital n sp ort

Secondary Ring
DWDM AGC EDFA OA500 Optical Passives Platform SpectraStarTM Upstream Concentration VOD Transport BSR 64000 CMT S Gigabit Ethernet Multi-Gigabit Ethernet DVB-ASI
HUB

Digital Transport DWDM transport

Multiservice Broadband Transport MBT Series

Optical Node SG1000


HUB

FFT Directional Taps

Video/IF Digital Transport SpectrumTM

Headend

Node

Satellite dish RF Signal Processing CommanderTM 8

Multiservice Broadband Transport MBT Series

QAM mod. & Upconversion

VOD Server Digital Transport DWDMTransport SONET Transport CMT S

Voice Data Video

Small Enterprise Solutions

Primary Ring

BSR 1000 CMT S 1310 nm Broadband Optical Transport Platform OmniStar GX2
HUB

Multiservice Broadband Transport MBT Series

Scaleable Optical Node SG2440 Digital TDM Return Node Starline 2000 Amplifiers Voice Data Video

Telphony Switch

ISP Gatewa y GigE DVB/ASI M2K Amplifier

HUB

Multiservice Broadband Transport MBT Series

ISP Gatewa y VOD Server Farm

Headend

VOD Transport Gigabit Ethernet Multi-Gigabit Ethernet DVB-ASI

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72

Distribucion

Transporte

Distribucion

Acceso

HE

Hub

Node

Metro

HE

HE

Cliente

HE

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73

NODO OPTICO

Procesamiento de Seal

HE
Fibra Optica
Satelite

Al sistema de Distribucion (Amplificadoes)

HUB

(Seal de RF)

Video

La funcin del nodo es la de Transreceptor donde recibe seal de la fibra ptica la cual viaja libre de distorsin, ruido o interferencia para hacer llegar la seal a lo largo de grandes distancias, esta es reconviertida a seal de RF (50-870 Mhz) la cual se enva al sistema de distribucin va cable coaxial la cul ser reacondicionada para viajar por lneas coaxiales para su distribucin al usuario. Se requieren bsicamente 2 FO para la comunicacin Full-Duplex, una FO del Hub al nodo para la transmisin del Broadcast en la ruta de avanzada (Forward) de video y/o datos y una FO del nodo al Hub para la transmisin de la ruta de retorno (return) de datos. La seal de avanzada y retorno en RF viajan sobre el mismo cable coaxial.
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74

NODO OPTICO (Forward)

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75

NODO OPTICO (TX / RX)

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76

Distribucin

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77

Access to Regional Area Network

MASTER HEADEND

1550 nm Optical Amplifier

Cableoptics Network Solutions: Long Distance Transport and Distribution applications using Bi-directional Broadband links for the delivery of video, voice and data.

PRIMARY RING

SECONDARY HEADEND

SG-2000 or BTN Optical Node / 4 Output RF Launch Amplifier SG-1000 Optical Node / Dual or 3 Output RF Launch Amplifier

SECONDARY RING 1550 nm Transmission 1550 nm TSD via Dense Wave Division Multiplexing

DISTRIBUTION HUB

OPTICAL NODE 500 - 2000 HOME SERVING AREA OPTICAL NODE

Origination point of Primary Broadcast Analog Video

1310 nm Optical Platform

OPTICAL NODE OPTICAL NODE

500 - 2000 HOME SERVING AREA

Access to Local Distribution Network Narrowcast - Node Targeted Services


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Products Supporting Fiber-to-the-Serving Area and Fiber-to-the-Last Active Architectures

125 - 500 HOME SERVING AREA

125 - 500 HOME SERVING AREA

78

Acceso

Transporte

Distribucion

Acceso

HE

Hub

Node

Metro

HE

HE

Cliente

HE

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79

Conectores y Cableado de RF
Conceptos Generales

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CONECTORES

Espigo

Los conectores de espigo conectan los cables troncales de alimentacin a las estaciones amplificadoras o elementos pasivos.
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81

CONECTORES

Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0

Espigo Cuerpo (Con mecanismo de agarre al conductor central)

Tuerca Manguito principal integral


82

MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

CONECTORES
Conductor central Manguito integral
Punto de asentamiento del conductor central

Espigo
Punto de agarre al conductor central
Punto de asentamiento del conductor externo

Tuerca posterior
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83

CABLE DE BAJADA

Conductor central de acero revestido con cobre

Malla de aluminio

Coraza plstica

Dielctrico Cinta de alumino-polipropileno espumoso de polietileno

Composicin de cables coaxiales tpicos


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84

CABLE DE BAJADA
Conductor central Dielctrico
Capa adhesiva de aluminio laminado

Conductor central Dielctrico Capa adhesiva de aluminio laminado Capa de aluminio trenzado Capa de aluminio laminado Capa de aluminio trenzado Forro Construccin superRevestida (Quad)
85

Capa de aluminio trenzado Capa de aluminio laminado Forro Construccin de Revestimiento estndar
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Construccin de tres Revestimientos

CABLE DE BAJADA
1/4 (6.3mm)

Conductor central

1/8 (3.2mm)

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86

CABLE DE BAJADA
1/16 (1.6mm)

Mecanismo de agarre

Conector F (hembra)
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Conector F (Macho)
87

CABLE DE BAJADA

Pegado

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88

FIBRAS OPTICAS
Conceptos Generales

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Ventajas
Gran Ancho de Banda Baja atenuacin Inmunidad electromagntica Bajo peso (4kg/300m---36kg/300m) Inofensiva Seguridad de la informacin.

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90

Prdida de la Fibra
Tipo de Cable Longitud de Onda (nm) 850 1310 1550 2.5 4.0 .35 .60 .21 .45

Monomodo Multimodo

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91

Principio de Reflexin Interna Total para Fibra Optica


Modo de Revestimiento Cono de Aceptacin n2 n1

Revestimiento Ncleo

Revestimiento

n = Indice de Refraccin Si n2 < n1, luego la Reflexin Interna Total ocurre para aquellos rayos de luz (modos) dentro del Cono de Aceptacin.
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93

Tipos de Fibras
Fibra Monomodo

Cubierta 250 micrm. Revest.125 micrm. Ncleo 5 a 10 micrm.

Fibra Multimodo

Cubierta 250 micrm.


Revest. 125 micrm. Ncleo 50 a 62.5 mic.

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94

Tipos de Fibra Optica

Momomodo
Revestimiento Vtreo

Ncleo Vtreo

Multimodo Revestimiento Vtreo A B C


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Ncleo Vtreo
95

Dispersin Multimodo
Fibra Multimodo Revestimiento Vtreo

A B C

Ncleo Vtreo

Los modos A, B & C llegan al final de la fibra en diferentes tiempos, distorsionando por lo tanto la seal original.

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96

Gua de Ubicacin de Fibra


BINDER COLOR
FIBER LOCATOR GUIDE B L U E O R A N G E G R E E N B R O W N S L A T E W H I T E

FIBER COLOR
BLUE ORANGE GREEN BROWN SLATE WHITE
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FIBER NUMBER FOR 6 FIBER BUNDLES


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
97

Prdida Espectral de una Fibra mostrando sus Ventanas de Operacin ms usuales


Prdida (dB/km) 6 5 4 3
(850 nm) 2.5

1ra Ventana

OH
OH

OH 2 da. Ventana 3 ra. Ventana

2 1
(1310 nm) .35 (1550 nm) .25

0 0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Longitud de Onda - l (m)


98

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Macrocurvatura

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99

Microcurvatura
Microcurvatura

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100

Empalme por Fusin

1. 2.

3. 4. 5.
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101

Empalme Mecnico

Introducen prdidas del orden de 1 dB. Se coloca un gel de matching del ndice de refraccin en la cmara de unin de las dos fibras. Son relativamente fciles de instalar, y no se requiere de herramientas costosas.

Son adecuados para una emergencia, pero la prctica habitual es reemplazarlos luego por un empalme de fusin.
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102

Conectorizado

FC

SC

Los conectores FC y SC son dos de los ms comnmente usados en la industria y se refieren al tipo de conectorizacin.

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103

Conector PC (Polish Connector)


Brecha de Aire

Peor Prdida de Retorno: > -14 dB


Conector comn para Fibra Multimodo.

Fibras no se tocan entre s

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104

Conector SPC (Super Polish Connector)


Buena Prdida de Retorno: > -30 dB Las fibras se tocan

Conector comn para Fibra Monomodo.

Contacto Fsico Los conectores utilizan un sistema de resortes para mantener las fibras en estrecho contacto unas con otras.
La terminacin de tipo Super PC (SPC) se pule y redondea, mejorando as la prdida de retorno hasta >-45.
El pulido de la terminacin de tipo Ultra PC (UPC) es mejorado respecto del tipo Super PC, el cual es pulido an ms para mejorar la prdida de retorno hasta >-55. La prdida de retorno se degrada extremadamente si el conector no est apareado con otro conector o con el terminador.
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Fibras se tocan entre s.

105

Conector APC
(Angle Physical Contact/Angle Polish Connector)
Terminacin Inclinada

La mejor Prdida de Retorno: Puede ser > -65 dB Preferido para conectar Fibra Monomodo

La cara terminal del conector se pule a 8, 10 o 12 grados lo que causa que la reflexin sea dirigida hacia el revestimiento, en vez de dirigirse hacia atrs en la fibra. Este es el conector preferido, dado que la prdida de retorno no est extremadamente degradada si el conector no est apareado con otro conector o terminacin. Es caro de fabricar.
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106

Prdida de Retorno
Terminacin Plana Terminacin Plana

Terminacin tipo PC

Terminacin Redondeada

Brecha de Aire

Contacto Fsico
Terminacin tipo APC

8, 10, 12

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Contacto Fsico en Angulo


107

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Tipos de Acopladores

1x2

2x2

Seccin Fusionada

Seccin Fusionada

1x4

Seccin Fusionada
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108

Ejemplo de Clculos de Prdida del Enlace


Conector Empalme

Transmisor Huelgo Permitido

RX

Convertir millaje de tendido de cables a kilmetros: 10.5 millas x 1.61= 16.9 km + 10% = 18.6 Km Encontrar prdida de fibra en dB: 18.6 km x 0.35 dB/Km = 6.51 dB Cantidad aproximada de empalmes por fusin: 1 + (18.6 km / 3.3) = 7 empalmes Prdida de cada empalme por fusin: 7 x 0.05 dB = 0.35 dB Prdida de cada empalme mecnico: 2 x 0.5 dB = 1.0 dB Prdida total del enlace : 6.51 dB + 0.35 dB (empalmes por fusin) + 1.0 dB (empalmes mecnicos) = 7.9 dB Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0
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109

Divisin tpica del Enlace mediante el Uso de un Acoplador Optico

Trayecto 1 = 8.2 mi
45% O - 4.2 dB

RX-1

55/45

Transmisor
55% O - 3.3 dB

RX-2
Trayecto 2 = 10.5 mi

El Acoplador 55/45 tiene una diferencia de 0.9 dB entre ambas salidas


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110

Potencia de Salida (Unidades Arbitrarias)

Espectro de Emisin del Lser Fabry-Perot


1-5 dB por debajo de la portadora
Luz Primaria

1300

1310 Longitud de Onda (nm)


Luz de Modo Secundario Luz de Modo Terciario

1320

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111

Modulacin Directa
E (Voltaje)

Seal Optica Resistencia de Carga


+ O (luz)

Fibra Optica (entrada) Fuente de la Seal CATV (Seal electrica)

Fibra Optica (salida)

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112

Espectro de Emisin del Lser DFB


Potencia de Salida (Unidades Arbitrarias) 35-40 dB por debajo de la portadora Luz Primaria

1295

1305 Longitud de Onda (nm) Luz de Modo Secundario Luz de Modo Terciario

1315

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113

Modulador Externo
Gua de Ondas para la Seal Optica Electrodos del Modulador

Fibra Optica (entrada) Fuente de la Seal CATV

Fibra Optica (salida) Resistencia de Carga

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114

Amplificadores Opticos EDFA


(Diagrama en Bloque)
Fibra de Ganancia
Seal de Entrada

Seal de Salida Amplificad a

Aislador Optico

WDM

WDM

Aislador ptico

Bomba Lser

Bomba Lser

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115

Amplificadores

Los amplificadores se utilizan para mantener la ganancia unitaria del sistema de distribucin. La compensacin para las perdidas ocurre cuando los niveles de la seal bajan a menos del las normas de diseo predeterminadas para conservar el buen funcionamiento de la red.

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116

Amplificadores

Los amplificadores se utilizan para mantener la ganancia unitaria del sistema de distribucin. La compensacin para las perdidas ocurre cuando los niveles de la seal bajan a menos del las normas de diseo predeterminadas para conservar el buen funcionamiento de la red.

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117

Amplificadores

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118

Ruta de Avanzada interna en el amplificador (FWD)

-Las seales de avanzada y retorno viajan sobre el mismo cable coaxial en bandas especificadas en el espectro -El diplex filter separa las bajas de las altas frecuencias en 2 rutas. Las Altas Frecuencias designadas al Forward viajan en el sentido del HE al Cliente tipicamente de 50 a 750 Mhz.

-Las Bajas Frecuencias designadas al Retorno viajan en el sentido opuesto tipicamente de 5 a 40 Mhz. RETORNO
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119

Operacin de los Amplificadores

El Pad (atenuador) es usado para balancear el amplificador para Ganancia Unitaria Ej: Si un sistema esta diseado con una entrada al amplificador de 20 dBmV en el canal mas alto y el tecnico de campo lee una entrada de 22 dBmV, un pad=2 dBmV debera ser instalado en el amplificador El Equalizador es usado para compensar la respuesta de frecuencia del cable coaxial a la llegada al amplificador

PAD

EQ

AMP

El Amplificador es usado para contrarrestar las perdidas por transmision de la seal de la red coaxial.

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120

Operacin de los Amplificadores

Control Automatico de Ganancia Acoplador Entrada Amp Muestra Control de Voltaje


Auto Control

Salida

ADU El control automatico de ganancia muestrea el nivel de seal y ajusta la salida de ganancia usando los voltajes de control de DC para mantener la seal de salida deseada. El AGC ajusta las variaciones de temperatura en el ambiente.

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121

TAPS

FFT

26K

General Instrument

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122

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123

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124

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125

Calculos de Diseno de Forward


750Mhz Cable .540 CA/CB = 17/10 salida de tap
47dB -17dB 47dB @ 750Mhz 30dB 1.4dB 4.85dB 40.7dB -17dB 23dB 37.1dB -17dB 20dB 1.4dB 2.12dB 1.5dB 1.51dB 34.0dB -17dB 17dB 1.7dB 1.21dB 31.0dB -17dB 14dB 1.7dB 1.51dB 27.7dB -17dB 10dB 1.51dB 2.4dB

23.8dB -17dB - 1dB 6dB

26
37dB @ 54Mhz

80m

23

35m

20

25m

17

20m

14

25m

10

25m

1.15dB 37dB -10dB 27dB 0.5dB

0.36dB 0.50dB 0.36dB 0.29dB 0.36dB 0.5dB 0.7dB 1.0dB 35.3dB 34.3dB 33.2dB 31.9dB 1.1dB 30.4dB 1.5dB 29.28dB -10.0dB 24dB -10.0dB 23dB -10.0dB 21dB -10.0dB 20dB -10.0dB - 10.dB 8dB 25dB

-10.0dB

+21dB +11dB

+17dB +12dB

+17dB +14dB

+17dB +16dB

+17dB +17dB

+18dB +20dB

+18dB +14dB

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126

Clculos de Diseo de Retorno


En una red diseada a un GHz el tilt o pendiente es tipicamente de 14,5 dB, es decir la potencia de la seal mas baja estar por debajo de la mayor frecuencia 14,5, Teniendo en cuenta que los niveles de seal tanto a la entrada del TAP como a la salida de drop del mismo, es decir para el caso de nuestro ejemplo, las prdidas se ven reflejadas Prdidas a la entrada del TAP = PFl PFh Prdidas = 29,28 23,8 Prdidas = 5,48 dB Prdidas a la entrada del DROP = PFl PFh

Prdidas a la entrada del DROP en altas= 29,28 10 =19,28 dB


Prdidas a la entrada del DROP en bajas= 23,8 -17 = 6,8 dB La pendiente en el drop: 1

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127

Clculos de Diseo de Retorno


Continuando con nuestros clculos de la red hallaremos las perdidas por retorno, es decir en las frecuencias mas bajas de nuestra red y definimos que la potencia suministrada por un amplificador idealmente es de 55 dB en el ultimo punto de nuestra red.

Ahora nos regresamos desde el ltimo tap que encontremos sobre nuestra red y restamos el valor de atenuacin de entrada de este y de la potencia suministrada a la entrada del mismo a la potencia ideal de 55 dB.
En nuestro ejemplo tendremos que 55dB (4 dB + 6 dB ) = 45 dB; y continuamos regresando hasta llegar a nuestro amplificador, este nos permitir como resultado final saber cual es la potencia mnima requerida en la entrada de nuestro amplificador para mantener los niveles requeridos en el diseo para cada uno de los taps. Este mismo procedimiento se debe realizar con cada uno de los taps como si la potencia fuese siempre de 55 dB. En el ejemplo debo de garantizar que la potencial tap se conserve tal y como se calculo en el forward es as que debemos garantizar una potencia de 29 dB en el ultimo tap y para lograrlo debemos utilizar un ecualizador de lnea de 12 dB.

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128

Calculos de Diseno de Retorno


750Mhz Cable .540 17/10 salida de tap
36.5dB -24.0dB +12.5 dB 38.2dB -1.15dB -0.50dB +36.5 dB 39.2dB -0.50dB -0.50dB +38.2 dB 40.3dB -0.36dB -0.7dB +39.2 dB 41.6dB -0.29dB -1.0dB +40.3 dB 43.1dB -0.36dB -1.1dB +41.6 dB 45.0dB -0.36dB -1.5dB +43.1 dB 55.0dB -6.0dB -4.0dB +45.0 dB

12

26
24 dB Entrada

80m

23

35m

20

25m

17

20m

14

25m

10

25m

1.15dB 0.5dB 0.5dB

0.50dB 0.7dB

0.36dB 1.0dB

0.29dB 1.1dB

0.36dB 1.5dB

0.38dB 4.0dB

-6dB

+55dB

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129

Calculos de Diseno Retorno


750Mhz Cable .540 17/10 salida de tap
32.4dB -24.0dB +8.4 dB 34.1dB -1.15dB -0.50dB +32.4 dB 35.1dB -0.50dB -0.50dB +34.1 dB 36.2dB -0.36dB -0.7dB +35.1 dB 37.5dB -0.29dB -1.0dB +36.2 dB 39.0dB -0.36dB -1.1dB +37.5 dB 55.0dB -6.0dB -10.0dB +39.0 dB

08

12 25m

26
24 dB Entrada

80m

23

35m

20

25m

17

20m

14

25m

10

1.15dB 0.5dB 0.5dB

0.50dB 0.7dB

0.36dB 1.0dB

0.29dB 1.1dB

0.36dB 10dB

-6dB

+55dB

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130

Calculos de Diseno Retorno


750Mhz Cable .540 17/10 salida de tap
29.9dB -24.0dB +5.9 dB 31.6dB -1.15dB -0.50dB +29.9 dB 32.6dB -0.50dB -0.50dB +31.6 dB 33.7dB -0.36dB -0.7dB +32.6 dB 35.0dB -0.29dB -1.0dB +33.7 dB 55.0dB -6.0dB -14.0dB +35.0 dB

06

08 25m

12 25m

26
24 dB Entrada

80m

23

35m

20

25m

17

20m

14

10

1.15dB 0.5dB 0.5dB

0.50dB 0.7dB

0.36dB 1.0dB

0.29dB 14dB -6dB

+55dB

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131

Calculos de Diseno Retorno


750Mhz Cable .540 17/10 salida de tap
28.2dB -24.0dB +4.2 dB 29.9dB -1.15dB -0.50dB +28.2 dB 30.9dB -0.50dB -0.50dB +29.9 dB 32.0dB -0.36dB -0.7dB +30.9 dB 55.0dB -6.0dB -17.0dB +32.0 dB

04

06 20m

08 25m

12 25m

26
24 dB Entrada

80m

23

35m

20

25m

17

14

10

1.15dB 0.5dB 0.5dB

0.50dB 0.7dB

0.36dB 17.0dB -6dB

+55dB

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132

Calculos de Diseno Retorno


750Mhz Cable .540 17/10 salida de tap
24.3dB -24.0dB +0.3 dB 26.0dB -1.15dB -0.50dB +24.3 dB 27.0dB -0.50dB -0.50dB +26.0 dB 55.0dB -8.0dB -20dB +27.0 dB

04

06 20m

08 25m

12 25m

26
24 dB Entrada

80m

23

35m

20

25m

17

14

10

1.15dB 0.5dB 0.5dB

0.50dB 20.0dB -8dB

+55dB

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133

Calculos de Diseno Retorno


750Mhz Cable .540 17/10 salida de tap
24.3dB -24.0dB +0.3 dB 26.0dB -1.15dB -0.50dB +24.3 dB 55.0dB -6.0dB -23.0dB +26.0 dB

04

06 20m

08 25m

12 25m

26
24 dB Entrada

80m

23

35m

20

25m

17

14

10

1.15dB 0.5dB 0.5dB -6dB

+55dB

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134

Calculos de Diseno Retorno


750Mhz Cable .540 17/10 salida de tap
23.0dB -24.0dB -1.00 dB 55.0dB -6.0dB -26.0dB +23.0 dB

04

06 20m

08 25m

12 25m

23 26
24 dB Entrada

80m

23

35m

20

25m

17

14

10

26.0dB

-6dB

+55dB

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135

Calculos de Diseno Retorno


750Mhz Cable .540 17/10 salida de tap
47.0dB -23.0dB +24.0 dB

06 23
24 dB Entrada

04 80m

06 20m

08 25m

12 25m

23

35m

20

25m

17

14

10

+17 dB +24dB

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136

Calculos de Diseno Forward


750Mhz Cable .540 17/10 salida de tap
Attenuador de 4dB 1.7dB 1.4dB 1.4dB 47dB @ 750Mhz 4.85dB 2.12dB 1.5dB 1.51dB 1.21dB 1.7dB 28.1dB 24.1dB

06 23
37dB @ 54Mhz

04

06

1.51dB

80m

23

35m

20

25m

17

20m

14

25m

06 23
30.5dB

80m

1.15dB 0.5dB

0.50dB

0.36dB

0.29dB

0.36dB

24.5dB

0.5dB

0.7dB

1.0dB

1.1dB

Ecualizador 2dB 30.5 -2.0 = 28.5 dB

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137

Calculos de Diseno Forward


750Mhz Cable .540 17/10 salida de tap
Simulador 8dB 35.1dB 35.1 -8.0 = 27.1 dB Attenuador de 3dB

47dB @ 750Mhz

24.1dB

06 23
37dB @ 54Mhz

04 80m

06 20m

23

35m

20

25m

17

14

25m

06 23
27.5.dB

80m

24.5dB

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138

Calculos de Diseno Retorno


750Mhz Cable .540 17/10 salida de tap
41dB @ 5Mhz

30dB

24.1dB

06 23

04 80m

06 20m

23

35m

20

25m

17

14

25m

06 23

80m

Ecualizador de 5dB Atenuadordor de 6dB 35 dB 41dB @ 42Mhz

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139

31.0dB -17dB

27.7dB -17dB

23.8dB -17dB 1.51dB 2.4dB - 1dB 6dB

14dB
1.7dB 1.51dB

10dB

Crucero de 3db Mejores niveles a dos casas .

14

25m

10

25m

0.36dB
1.1dB

0.36dB
30.4dB 1.5dB -10.0dB 20dB 28.5dB -10.0dB - 10.dB 8dB 31.0dB -17dB -1dB 13dB 1.7dB 1.51dB 27.0dB -17dB 10dB 1.51dB 2.4dB 23.0dB -17dB 6dB

+17dB +17dB

+18dB +20dB

+18dB +14dB

12

25m

10

25m

0.36dB 31.9dB 1.1dB

0.36dB 21.4dB 1.5dB -10.0dB 19.5dB -15.5dB

Crucero de 0db Mejores niveles a seis casas .

-10.0dB

-9.0dB
12dB +18dB +10dB

11dB

9dB

+17dB +11dB

+19dB +14dB

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140

Simuladores de Cable para Taps

47dB @ 750Mhz

750Mhz
.540 cable 17/10 salida de tap

23
37dB @ 54Mhz

- 7db Cable Simulator

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+24dB +14dB

+17dB +14dB
141

100m .528 W .64A

CALCULOS de POTENCIA
.64A 1.01A .64A 100m .528 W 1.01A

150m .792 W

200m .474 W

150m .355 W

1.01A

200m

1.01A

200m .474 W

1.01A

300m .711 W

.474 W

300m .711 W

1.01A

200m .474 W 100m .528 W

1.01A 100m .528 W .64A Consumo 1.01A .64A

.64A

100m .528 W .64A 100m .528 W .64A Resistencia .860QR ( 2.37 /1000m W)

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.540QR ( 5.28 /1000m W)

142

100m .528 W .64A

.64A

CALCULOS DE POTENCIA
100m 1.01A .64A .528 W 1.01A

150m .792 W

200m .474 W

11.55a

150m .355 W

1.01A

200m .474 W

1.01A

200m .474 W

1.01A

300m .711 W

300m .711 W

1.01A

200m .474 W 100m .528 W

1.01A

100m .528 W

.64A

100m .528 W .64A

100m .528 W .64A

.64A

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143

R x I = E
100m .528 W .64A .64A

1) .711 W x 5.96 a = 4.23v


60v - 4.23v = 55.77v

51.78v
1.01A

2) .474 W x 3.30 a = 1.56v 55.77v - 1.56v = 54.21v

52.12v
150m .792 W 200m .474 W 11.55a 60v

3) .474 W x 2.29 a = 1.08v 54.21v - 1.08v = 53.13v

54.21v
200m .474 W 200m .474 W

55.77v
1.01A 300m .711 W 100m .528 W .64A

1.01A

1.01A

4) .792 W x 1.28 a = 1.01v 53.13v - 1.01v = 52.12v

53.13v

5) .528 W x .64A = .337v 52.12v - .337v = 51.78v

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144

90 / 60 VOLTIOS????
60 V 60 V

9A

12A
90V

8A

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145

.540 OR .500 ??
1) Ancho de Banda = 750Mhz 2) DENSIDAD = 266 H/KM 3) Iguales Niveles de Salida 4) Niveles son los mismos 5) Arquitectura BLASTER

26 26

23 20

20 17

14 10

10

26

26 26 26 26 23 20 20 17 14 10 10

BTD

26

26 26 26

26 26 26 20 23 10 14 10
146

17 20

10 14 10

26 26

20 23

17 20

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RESULTADOS

.500
160 Homes passed por clula

.540
192 Homes passed por clula

20% ms suscriptores servidos por cada activo 12% menos activos con .540
Estimacin basada en nodos de 2000hp con una densidad de 266h/km, diseado con BLASTER y activos Motorola

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147

Cable de Bajada

Los cables de bajada para domicilio del cliente desde los puertos de derivacion generalmente son de dos tamaos. Se utiliza cable F59/F69 dentro del domicilioy desde la derivacion a la conexin de domicilio cuando la distancia es inferior a 38/46 metros. Cuando la distancia del puerto de derivacion a la conexin de domicilio es mayor se utiliza un cable F11. Este cable tambien se utiliza en unidaes con multiples residencias y en aplicaciones comerciales.

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148

Post Pad y Post Ecualizacion

FORWARD Cada salida del Amplificador puede alimentar mas de un amplificador. La entrada del amplificador es alimentada desde un solo amplificador. Se tiene un Pad unico en cada salida del Amplificador Siempre se ecualiza y atenua con un Pad a la entrada del Amplificador
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RETORNO

Cada entrada de retorno puede provenir desde varios amplificadores.


La salida de retorno va alimentar un solo amplificador. Solo existe un Pad a la entrada de retorno del sig. amplificador Se ecualiza y atenua con el Pad que estan a la salida del amplificador

149

Concepto de Ganancia Unitaria

AMP No.1 Entrada 10 dbmV Perdida Coax. 20 dB

AMP No.2 Entrada 10 dBmV Perdida Coax. 20 dB

Salida 30 dBmV

Salida 30 dBmV

La seccion de Forward opera bajo el concepto de ganancia unitaria. Ganancia Unitaria significa 0 dB de ganancia neta a la salida entre amplificadores. Ej: +30 dBmV -20 dBmV +10 dBmV +20 dBmV +30 dBmV +30 dBmV +30 dBmV 0 dBmV
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Nivel de la seal a la salida del amplificador No.1 Perdida por transmision coaxial Entrada al amplificador No.2 Ganancia Operacional del Amplificador No.2 Salida del Amplificador No.2 Salida del Amplificador No.1 Salida del Amplificador No.2 Ganancia Neta
150

Concepto de Ganancia Unitaria (BLE)

47 dBmV (FWD)

47 dBmV (FWD) 10 dBmV (RET)

AMP FWD 26 dB Tap

AMP RET

47 dBmV (FWD) -26 dBmV (TAP) 21 dBmV (FWD)


36 dBmV (RET)

36 dBmV (RET) -26 dBmV (TAP) 10 dBmV


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151

Punto de Ganancia Unitaria en el Retorno (Comparacin BTD&BLE)

BLE

47 dBmV (FWD) 47 dBmV (FWD) 10 dBmV (RET) Tap 26 dB 47 dBmV (FWD) 10 dBmV (RET) 47 dBmV
H

BTD

Tap 26 dB

21 dBmV (FWD) 36 dBmV (RET) 10 mBmV (RET)


AMP FWD

21 dBmV (FWD) 36 dBmV (RET)

-9 dBmV
H L

El mismo nivel en el puerto del Tap nos da el mismo nivel en el Filtro Diplexor pero diferente nivel de entrada al Hibrido

H L

AMP RET

H L

1 dBmV
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152

Conclusiones

En el Forward, la ganancia unitaria se mantiene al ajustar cada amplificador con el mismo nivel de salida. En el Retorno, mantenemos el mismo criterio de ganancia unitaria de lo contrario las seales llegaran al laser (Nodo) con el nivel equivocado y como resultado se tendra distorsion o una relacion pobre de C7N con el riesgo de degradar los datos. Localizacion, si el punto de GU se selecciona erroneamente ocurriran los mismos problemas como si el ajuste de ganancia no se hubiera hecho correctamente. Forward Entrada (RET) al puerto del amplificador (salida de FWD). Puntos de anancia Unitaria: Retorno Entrada al Filtro Diplexor a la salida del hibrido de retorno.

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153

Conclusiones

Se determina que el punto de ganancia unitaria es la entrada al puerto del amplificador. Para el hbrido de retorno el nivel de entrada es irrelevante mientras se garantice un nivel de entrada por arriba d la figura de ruido especificada (tpicamente >3 dB sobre el NF). Si el punto de ganancia unitaria fuera definido a la entrada del hibrido y no a la entrada al filtro diplexor o al puerto del amplificador en el retorno, el nivel de entrada al hibrido al ser constante internamente para todo tipo de amplificador causar que los niveles se en la planta se vean afectados forzando el equipo terminal necesite transmitir a niveles mas altos para tratar de compensar las perdidas internas de los diferentes amplificadores. (Ej.: el nivel en el BTD es aprox. 9 dBmV mas que en el BLE y en el MB 5 dBmV respecto al BLE). Es indeseable tener que transmitir diferentes niveles desde los equipos terminales para poder alimentar diferentes amplificadores. Los niveles de planta son designados de tal forma que los equipos terminales operen a su nivel de salida mas alto posible, por lo tanto los niveles de planta tienen que ser disminuidos 9 dB si el punto de ganancia unitario es asignado a la entrada del hibrido de retorno en lugar de la entrada del filtro diplexor.

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154

Smbolos

SIMBOLOGIA

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155

POSTERIA

TELCO

Potencia TFX

Potencia

Junta TFX

Uso de Junta
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CATV

156

CONVENCIONES DE RAMAL AEREO

Ruta de cableado Tipo fijo y hacia abajo Tipo de poste a poste Tipo hacia arriba Tramo suelto Tipo poste a poste y tramo suelto

Tierra
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157

263

55

298

147

153

Convencin Subterrnea

Pedestal

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158

CABECERA

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159

CABLE EXPRESS Tamao 1.125 1.000 .860 .750

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160

CABLES ALIMENTADORES DE LINEA

Tamaos
.540 .625

.500

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161

ACOPLADORES DIRECCIONALES SEPARADORES DE 2 VIAS

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162

ACOPLADORES DIRECCIONALES SEPARADORES DE 3 VIAS


Separador de 3 vas

Separador de 3 vas con un tramo caliente

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163

ACOPLADORES DIRECCIONALES

DC-7

-7
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164

DERIVADORES DERIVADOR DE 2 PUERTOS

20
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165

DERIVADORES DERIVADOR DE 4 PUERTOS

29
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166

DERIVADORES DERIVADOR DE 8 PUERTOS

14
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167

DERIVADORES DERIVADOR DE 2 PUERTOS AUTOTERMINALES

4
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168

ECUALIZADOR

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169

AMPLIFICADOR BTD

BTD

Con AGC

BTD

Sin AGC

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170

IDENTIFICADORES DE AMPLIFICACION

Retorno
Entrada RF SalidaRF

# de ModoPS

Amp #
PAD EQ

Casc.
Entrada RF Calculada Entrada RF Actual

EQ

PAD

Longitud

Volt /Amp

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171

SUMINISTRO DE POTENCIA/ INSERTADORES DE POTENCIA

Nmero de suministro de potencia Amps

Insertador de potencia

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172

BLOQUE DE POTENCIA

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173

TERMINALES

Terrminal de Lnea

8
Terminal de Equipo
174

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EMPALME DE CABLES

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175

TRANSMISOR OPTICO

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176

CABLE OPTICO CON NUMERO DE FIBRAS

F8

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177

LOCALIZACION DEL CENTRO OPTICO OTN

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178

ACOPLADORES OPTICOS 55%

45%

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179

Teora Operacional

TEORIA OPERACIONAL

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180

Prdida en la Transmisin

dB (DECIBEL)
Unidad de medida que expresa la relacin de dos niveles de poder en una escala logartmica es igual a una decima parte de un BEL. El dB se puede expresar en valores positivos y negativos. Razon de potencia contra el dB : 1-1 2-1 10-1 100-1 1000-1 10000-1 40 dB 0 dB 3 dB 10 dB 20 dB 30 dB

Los dB se deben sumar y restar para indicar cambios sustanciales en niveles con nmeros pequeos.

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181

Prdida en la Transmisin

dBmV MILIVOLTIO DE DECIBEL

0 dBmV = 1 Milivoltio medido a travs de 75 Ohms.

(Nivel de potencia de referencia para Redes Coaxiales)

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182

Ruido

RUIDO Cmo se ve?

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. . . ... . .. .. . .. ... . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . .
Canal sintonizado que est fuera del aire
183

.. . ... . .... .. . .. . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. ... . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .

NIVELES PORTADORES DE VIDEO EN REDES DE BANDA ANCHA (En el Terminal dl Suscriptor)

Nivel C/N 35 dB 36 dB 40 dB 40 dB 42 dB 43 dB 43 dB 45 dB ruido 48 dB 55-60 dB

Informacin Recopilada por Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin Comisin Federal de Comunicaciones Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin Comisin Federal de Comunicaciones Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin Comisin Federal de Comunicaciones Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin Laboratorios GI Muestreo de la Industria de la Televisin

Aceptabilidad de video Ruido transtorna la imagen Mnimo 1993 La mayora de la gente puede ver el ruido Mnimo 1994 La mayora de la gente puede ver el ruido La mayora de la gente puede ver el ruido Mnimo 1995 La mayora de los ingenieros no puede ver el Excelente calidad de imagen Imagen con calidad de estudio

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184

Pag. 3 - 22

Portadora a Ruido

dBc Razon expresada en decibeles relativos a un nivel de portadora de referencia. C/N Razon de portadora a ruido Figura de Ruido La cantidad de ruido en dB que el dispositivo de amplificacion introduce al ruido ya existente.

O dBmV

O dBmV C/N= 49 dB

C/N= 59 dB Figura de Ruido 10 dB -59 dBmV Ruido Termico


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-59 dBmV

Ruido Termico
185

Ruido

PORTADORA DE RUIDO DE UN AMPLIFICADOR

C/N = Entrada - (-59.2 + NF) O

Seal de entrada ? dBmV


0 dBmV

Figura de ruido ? dBmV -59.2 dBmV Ruido trmico


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186

Ruido

SUMA IGUAL DE RELACIONES PORTADORA/RUIDO :

C/N = C/N1 - 10 x Log10 N Donde C/N1 = Relacin de ruido de portadora de 1 contribuidor de amplificacin N = Nmero de contribuidores iguales

C/N = Relacin de ruido de portadora en el ltimo contribuidor (Red C/N)

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187

Ruido

PARA SUMAR RELACIONES DIFERENTES PORTADORA/RUIDO:

C/N = -10 x Log10 (10


Donde

-C/N1 10

+10

+10

-C/N2 10

-C/N3 10

C/NS = C/N de red del ltimo contribuidor


C/N1 = Primer contribuidor C/N2 = Segundo contribuidor C/N3 = Tercer contribuidor

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188

Distorsin

Relacin Portadora/Ruido (C/N)


1. C/N a la salida de un amplificador simple cuando se conoce la figura de ruido (NF): C/N = Entrada - (-59.2 + NF) C/NO = Nivel de salida - (-59.2 + NF + Ganancia) 2. Para sumar relaciones idnticas portadora/ruido: C/NS = C/N - 10 x Log10 N 3. Para sumar relaciones diferentes portadora/ruido: C/NS = -10 x Log10 (10
-C/N1 10 -C/N2 10 -C/Nn 10

+ 10

+ 10

4. Relacin portadora/ruido vs Ancho de banda: Ancho de Bandaref C/N = -10 x Log10 Ancho de Bandanuevo

C/N = portadora a ruido expresada como un nmero positivo N = nmero igual de contribuidores NF = figura de ruido G = ganancia -59.2 = ruido termal en ancho de banda de 4 MHz (dBmV) Regla: En un amplificador simple la C/N se incrementa en un dB con cada incremento de 1 dB en el nivel de salida de la seal. Motorola Document Classification, C/N se agrava en 3 Rev. 2.0 Regla: El total de Canopy Enterprise Solutions, dB cada vez que se dobla el nmero de amplificadores con idntico C/N.
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189

Distorsin

DISTORSION Cmo se ve?

Barras sincronizadas se mueven a travs de la imagen Efecto desempaador Imgenes mltiples de canales adyacentes Separacin de imgenes Lluvia de puntos negros Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0
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190

Distorsin

PULSACION TRIPLE COMPUESTA

Portada

Contribucin CTB

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191

Distorsin

PULSACION TRIPLE COMPUESTA

Un amplificador (Nivel de operacin): CTB = CTBR - 2 (Nivel de salida de operacin Nivel de salida de referencia) Donde CTBR = Relacin de referencia del fabricante (dB) CTB = Nueva contribucin del amplificador (dB)

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192

Distorsin

PARA SUMAR RELACIONES DE DIFERENTES C/CTB:

CTBs = -20 x Log10 (10


Donde CTBS = C/CTB de red en el ltimo contribuidor CTB1 = Primer contribuidor CTB2 = Segundo contribuidor CTB3 = Tercer contribuidor

-CTB1 20

+ 10

20 + 10

-CTB2

-CTB3 20

Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0


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193

Distorsin

Relacin de Pulsacin Triple Compuesta (CTB)

1. CTB a la salida de un amplificador simple operando a nivel de salida dado: CTB = CTBref - 2 (Nivel de salida - Nivel de referencia) 2. Para sumar relaciones idnticas de pulsaciones triples compuestas : CTBS = CTB - 20 x Log10 N 3. Para sumar relaciones diferentes de pulsaciones triples compuestas: CTBS = -20 x Log10 (10 20 + 10 20 + 10
-CTB1 -CTB2 -CTBn 20

4. Pulsacin triple compuesta vs. Carga de canal: Nmero de pulsacionesref CTB = 10 x Log10 Nmero de pulsacionesnuevo

CTB = Pulsacin triple compuesta expresada como un nmero positivo Regla: En un amplificador simple el CTB se incrementa en 2 dB con cada disminucin de 1 dB, en el nivel de salida de seal. Regla: El total de CTB se agrava en 6 dB cada vez que se dobla el nmero de amplificadores con idntico CTB

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194

Distorsin

DISTORSION DE SEGUNDO ORDEN PORTADORA/COMPUESTA (CSO)


1. Distorsin de segundo orden compuesta para un amplificador en un nivel de operacin: CSO = CSOref - (Nivel de salida de operacin Nivel de salida de referencia) 2. Para sumar relaciones CSO iguales: CSOS = CSO - 15 x Log10 N 3. Para sumar relaciones CSO diferentes: CSOS = -15 x Log10 (10 4. CSO vs Carga de canal:
-CSO1 15

+ 10

-CSO2 15

+ 10

-CSOn 15

CSO = 10 xLog10

Cant. Pulsaciones CSOnuevo Cant. Pulsaciones CSOref.

CSO = Distorsin de segundo orden, expresada con un nmero positivo (+). Regla: El cambio de 1 dB en la salida de un amplificador cambiar la CSO en 1 dB.
Motorola Document Classification, Canopy Enterprise Solutions, Rev. 2.0
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. Motorola, Inc. 20XX.

195

Distorsin

MODULACION PORTADORA(XM)
1. La modulacin hbrida para un amplificador en un nivel de operacin: XM = XMref - 2(Nivel de salida de operacin Nivel de salida de referencia) 2. Para sumar relaciones de modulacin hbrida iguales: XMS = XM - 20 x Log10 N 3. Para sumar relaciones de modulacin hbrida diferentes: XMS = -20 x Log10 (10
-XM1 20

+ 10

-XM2 20

+ 10

-XMn 20

4. Modulacin hbrida vs Carga de canal: XM = 20 x Log10

Carga de canal nuevo - 1 Carga de canal nuevo - 1

XM = Modulacin hbrida, expresada con un nmero positivo (+). Regla 1: El cambio de 1 dB en la salida de un amplificador cambiar la modulacin hbrida en 2 dB. Regla: Al duplicarse el nmero de amplificadores con modulacin hbrida igual hay una degradacin de 6 dB en la modulacin hbrida total.
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196

NIVELES DE DISTORSION EN REDES (EN EL TERMINAL DEL SUSCRIPTOR)

Distorsin CTB

Funcionamiento > 53 dB

Recomendado por Prcticas y Estndares NCTA

> 51 dB
XM > 53 dB > 51 dB

Comisin Federal de Comunicaciones


Prcticas y Estndares NCTA Comisin Federal de Comunicaciones

CSO

> 51 dB

Comisin Federal de Comunicaciones

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Pag. 3 - 34

Sugerencias de Mantenimiento

Todas las derivaciones con valor de 20dB o menos tienen que instalarse con terminadores de puerto (75 ohms) conservando de esta manera la adaptacin de impedancias en toda la red. Las portadora piloto tienen que recibir mantenimiento (verificacion) diario en el HE, para asegurar que la operacin del AGC (Control Automatico de Ganancia) en el campo es adecuada.

65% de los problemas estan relacionado con el cable de bajada al cliente.


15% de los problemas estan relacionados con el convertidor del cliente. La calidad de los conectores de bajada influyen demasiado en los costos de mantenimiento.

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198

Metodo de Round Robin

Receptor de TV

Headend Video Modulador Opt. Tx

Nodo Rx OPT
H

RET Tx Rx Retorno

Analizador de Espectro

Generador

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199

Metodo Round Robin

Conecte el analizador de espectro al receptor de retorno y ajuste los controles de nivel de referencia del SA para desplegar la salida esperada del receptor. El nivel de salida del receptor es dependiente de la potencia optica recibida, el nivel del Tx de RF del retorno y los ajustes de ganancia de los receptores internos. 2. Si el analizador tiene una salida de video, uselo para modular un canal abierto en el HE. Este canal es usado por el receptor de TV en el monitor de campo los niveles de seal del receptor de retorno en el HE. Ajuste el generador por una salida plana y el nivel requerido en la entrada del transmisor de retorno. El nivel total de RF para el transmisor de retorno dependera del numero de portadoras inyectadas y el nivel especificado recomendado por el fabricante. Compare la salida del receptor del retorno (Como se ve en el TV) para los niveles esperados dados por el numero de portadoras probadas Los ajustes de gnancias dentro del nodo podrian ajustarse para ajuste antes de continuar en el primer amplificador en la cascada. Una vez ajustados los niveles del nodo, continue en el primer apmlificador de la cascada. Los niveles de inyeccion estan basados en el nivel optimo de entrada al amplificador. Ajuste el nivel de salida del generador de retorno igual al nivel de entrada optimo mas la perdida pasiva combinada del punto de prueba. Filtro diplexor, acopladores, etc.. La Ecualizacion y atenuacion seran desarrollados despues de que hayan sido ajustados los niveles de entrada de los amplificadores. Inserte el ecualizador apropiado para un respuesta plana vista en el receptor de TV. Atenue la salida del amplificador para referenciar los niveles establecidos en el HE.

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