PRESENTATION ON

ORIGIN & DESTINATION STUDY

(TRAFFIC ENGINEERING) (CE-695)

PREPARED BY AJAZ AHMED B. RAJ M.TECH-I, TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING AND PLANNING (ROLL NO : P11TP021)

 Content

Introduction Purpose of O-D Study Definition of the Study Area Zoning Surveys (Data Collection) Presentation of Data

 Introduction
In transportation planning process, it is often necessary to know the exact origin and destination of the trips

not only how many trips are made, but also group these trips with reference to the zones of their origin and destination

 Purpose of O-D Study

Where they come from and where they go to? To develop models is transport planning process To assess the adequacy of the present highway system To assess the adequacy of parking facilities and to plan for future To determine the amount of by-passable traffic that enters a town
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 Defining the Study Area

The study area for which transportation facilities area being planned is first of all defined For planning at the urban level, the study area should embrace existing and potential built-up areas of the city The external cordon line should be continuous and uniform in its course and the line should intersect roads where it is safe and convenient to carry out traffic surveys The external cordon line should be compatible with previous studies

 Zoning

The purpose of such a sub-division is to facilitate the spatial quantification of land-use and economic factors which influence travel pattern Sub-division into zones further helps in geographically associating the origins and destinations of travel A convenient system of coding is adopted

Important points to be kept in view, while dividing the area into zones

- Land-use is the most important factor in establishing zones for accuracy. (residential, industrial, commercial, recreational, open space)
- The zones should have a homogeneous land-use so as to reflect accurately the associated trip-making behaviour - Anticipated changes in land-use should be considered when sub-dividing the study area into zones - It would be advantageous if the Sub division follows closely that adopted by other bodies for data collection, thus will facilitate correlation of data

Important points to be kept in view, while dividing the area into zones

- The zones should not be too large to cause considerable errors in data. At the same time, they should not be too small either, to cause difficulty in handling and analysing the data
- Zones should have regular geometric form for easily determining the centroid which represents the origin and termination of travel - Zones must be compatible with screen lines and cordon lines - Natural or physical barriers such as canals, railways, rivers etc. can form convenient zone boundaries

 Surveys

For large urban areas, the internal to internal travel is heavy whereas for small areas the internal to internal travel is insignificant. The internal to internal travel is best studied by the home interview technique with checks by screen-line surveys. The internal-external, external-internal and external-external travels can be studied by cordon surveys

 Types of Survey

Home interview Road-side interview Commercial vehicle surveys Taxi surveys Post card questionnaire Registration number surveys Tag surveys Public transport surveys

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 Home interview
Home-interview origin-destination survey is a method in which households

were asked questions to get data on the travel pattern and the general characteristics influencing trip-making The information on travel pattern includes number of trips made, their origin and destination, purpose of trip, travel mode, time of departure from origin and time of arrival at destination conducted on a daily basis The information on household characteristics includes type of dwelling unit, number of residents, age, sex, vehicle ownership, whether he or she has a drivers license, number of drivers, family income and so on

Based on these data it is possible to relate the amount of travel to household and develop equations for trip generation rates

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 Home interview
Procedure for conducting Home interview is contained in the Bureau of

Public Roads Manual, which precisely describes how the interview is to be conducted and what information is to be collected It is impractical and unnecessary to interview all the residents of the study area. Since travel patterns tend to be uniform in a particular zone, so that proper sampling procedure is employed

Minimum Sampling Size for Home Interview

Population of Study Area
Under 50,000 50,000 150,000 150,000 300,000

Minimum Sample Size

1 in 10 households 1 in 20 households 1 in 35 households

300,000 500,000
500,000 1,000,000 Over 1,000,000

1 in 50 households
1 in 70 households 1 in 100 households 12

 Road-side interview
One of the methods of screen-line or cordon survey

Can be done either by directly interviewing drivers of the vehicles at selected survey points or by issuing prepaid post cards containing the questionnaire to all or a sample of the drivers Survey points are selected along the junction of the cordon-line or screen line with the roads Small towns (population < 5000), single circular cordon at the periphery of the town is enough

Medium sized cities (population 5000 to 75000) two cordon lines are necessary, external cordon at the edge of the urban development and the internal cordon at the limits of the CBD

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 Road-side interview
For large cities, the cordon-lines and screen lines may be more

complicated, and the home-interview technique cannot be dispensed with. Cordon line and screen line surveys by the road side interview technique serve to check the accuracy of the home interview survey data It is impractical to stop and interview all the vehicles. Sampling is, therefore, necessary. The number of samples depends on the number of interviewers and the traffic using the road Vehicles must be stopped in an interview bay so that traffic flow is not obstructed. Suitable advance warning signs should be erected

As interviewers have no statutory powers to stop the vehicle and question the drivers, it necessary to seek help of the police to control and direct the traffic for being interviewed
For complete and reliable data to be obtained by the survey, it is necessary to frame and design the questions with care.

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 Commercial vehicle Surveys

To obtain information on journeys made by all commercial vehicles based within the study area The addresses of the vehicle operators are obtained and they are contacted. Forms are issued to drivers with a request that they record particulars of all the trips they would make. A typical questionnaire which includes information on the origin and destination of each trip is to be prepared

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 Taxi Surveys

Large urban areas usually have a sizeable amount of travel by taxis. In such cases, a separate taxi survey is necessary. The survey consists of issuing questionnaires to the taxi drivers and requesting them to complete the same

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 Post-card Questionnaire Survey

pre-paid questionnaires are handed over to the drivers at the survey points and requesting them to complete the information and return by post. avoids delay caused to the drivers response may not be good simpler and cheaper than many others

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 Registration Number Surveys

noting the registration numbers of vehicles entering or leaving an area at survey points by matching the registration numbers at the points of entry and exit, one is enabled to identify two points on the paths of the vehicles neither gives the origin, destination of the trip nor trip purpose analysis is tedious and complicated

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 Tag Surveys

vehicles are stopped and a tag is affixed on it and at the exit points tags are removed times of entering and leaving the area may be marked on the tags

Public transport surveys

to assess the number of bus passengers passing through an external cordon

either by direct interview or by issuing post-card questionnaire to passengers
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 Presentation of Data

OD matrix

Desire Line Diagram

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