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Sperm (2) Egg (2) Fertilized Cell (46)
Chromosome
after S Phase
Chromosomes at
beginning of Mitosis
After
Mitosis
After
Meiosis
Original Gamete Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
2 Daughter Cells Metaphase 2 Anaphase 2 Telophase 2 Cytokinesis 4 Gametes
At the end of Meiosis
the individual Gamete
cell has divided from
one cell to four.
Males produce 4
viable sperm.
Females produce 1
viable egg and non
functioning polar
bodies.
SPERMATOGENESIS
OOGENESIS
Meiosis
ensures that
all living
organisms
will maintain
both Genetic
Diversity and
Genetic
ntegrity
Synapsis
$3apsis (also called s3/esis) is the
pairing of two homologous
chromosomes that occurs during meiosis.
t allows matching-up of homologous pairs
prior to their segregation, and
possible chromosomal crossover between
them. Synapsis takes place
during prophase .
Twins
Twins
Placenta: is an organ that connects the
developing fetus to the uterine wall to
allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination,
and gas exchange via the mother's blood
supply.
Singleton: A fetus which was developed
alone in the womb.
Twins
rater3aI or /izotic (DZ) twi3s (also
referred to as "non-identical twins",
"dissimilar twins", "biovular twins", and, in
cases of females, sororaI twi3s) usually
occur when two fertilized eggs are
implanted in the uterus wall at the same
time. When two eggs are independently
fertilized by two different sperm cells,
fraternal twins result.
Twins
Mo3ozotic (MZ)
or i/e3ticaI twi3s occur when a
single egg is fertilized to form
one zygote (hence, "monozygotic") which
then divides into two separate embryos.
Monozygotic twins are genetically identical
and they are always the same sex unless
there has been a mutation during
development.
Twins
Monozygotic twins actually have only nearly
identical DNA, and differing environmental
influences throughout their lives affect which
genes are switched on or off.
Monozygotic twins do generally look alike,
although they do not have the
same fingerprints (which are environmental
as well as genetic). As they mature,
monozygotic twins often look less alike or
more alike because of lifestyle choices or
external influences.
Twins
Types of Monozygotic Twins
PoIar twi3s (or "polar body twins"), where two
sperm fertilize an ovum, one of the two fertilizing
a polar body; or where an ovum splits into
identical copies, one containing a polar body,
prior to fertilization, allowing it to be fertilized by
two different sperm.
$esquizotic twi3s, where two sperm fertilize
the one ovum, forming a triploid, and then
splitting.