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UJ1!1 tY
ut Nlkoojooo k potel
Mlbotm lbJ
)+eo+eo !
vlpol k loocbol
Mlbotm (5em 1)
$&TJ1J O:-
1!)A1T!!AT C] );A1!ACCAC;Y
S. K. PATEL INSTITUTEOF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH,
GANPAT UNIVERSITY, KHERVA.
O1$ O1$
Objectlves
|ntroouctlon
Types ot 8lotertlllzers ano tbelr Descrlptlon
Metboos ot 8lotertlllzer |noculatlon (appllcatlon)
Aovantages
Dlsaovantages
Constralnts ln 8lotertlllzers
Ct}!CTJV!; Ct}!CTJV!;
O Atter golng tbrougb tbls Unlt, you wlll be able to
learn blotertlllzers ano
tbelr cbaracterlstlcs
unoerstano tbe prospects ano
olttlcultles ot blotertlllzers
select a low cost, sultable ano ettlclent blo-tertlllzer tor your
organlc tarmlng.
3
BIOFERTILIZER. By. Vipul K.
Panchal
JTOJ&JO JTOJ&JO
< enerally, agrlcultural lano gets lmpoverlsbeo atter long term
cultlvatlon, lt not supplementeo properly wltb lnputs.
< To supplement tbe soll nutrlent content unoer conventlonal
tarmlng system, we neeo to apply blgb ooses ot agrocbemlcals
wblcb ln turn pollute tbe ecosystem.
< Tberetore, ln oroer to make agrlculture sustalnable, lt ls
necessary to lmplement a balanceo ano responslble use ot
organlc agrlculture.
< Tbe prlnclples ot organlc tarmlng also outllne tbe slmllar
concepts wbere tbe soll bealtb ano bloolverslty ls bullt up to
sustaln tbe plant growtb ln longer term.
4
BIOFERTILIZER. By. Vipul K.
Panchal
o! +; t+o]e+!+!+_e+?
Tbe name ltselt ls selt eplanatory.
8lotertlllzer ls a reaoy-to-use llve tormulatlon ot sucb
benetlclal mlcroorganlsms wblcb on appllcatlon to seeo, root
or soll, moblllze tbe avallablllty ot nutrlents by tbelr blologlcal
actlvlty.
Tbey belp bullo up tbe soll mlcro-tlora ano tbere by tbe soll
bealtb.
As we know, organlc tarmlng ecluoes tbe use ot any
cbemlcal.
Use ot blo-tertlllzer ls recommenoeo tor lmprovlng tbe soll
tertlllty ln organlc tarmlng
5
BIOFERTILIZER. By. Vipul K.
Panchal
A slmple torm ot classltlcatlon ot blotertlllzers ls glven below:
JJ o1 1!1oqD
< #blzoblum tor legume crops.
< Azotobacter | Azosplrlllum tor non legume crops.
< Acetobacter tor sugarcane only.
< 8lue -reen Algae (8A) ano Azolla tor low lano paooy.
J o1 Tho:ho1ou:
< !bospbatlka tor all crops to be applleo wltb #blzoblum,
Azotobacter,
< ~zos~lrlllu'amno Acetobacter.
< vAM(veslcu1ar-arbuscular mycorrblza).
J o1 1D11rhn oDo:!
< Cellulolytlc tungal culture.
< !bospbotlka ano Azotobacter culture
6
BIOFERTILIZER. By. Vipul K.
Panchal
_: o] _: o] I1o]1!1I1z1 I1o]1!1I1z1
1!1oqD 1:1Dq T1o]1!1I1z1:
O Tbe nltrogen tllng bacterla work unoer two conoltlons,
symblotlcally ano as
O tree llvlng bacterla (non-symblotlc).
O Tbe symblotlc bacterla make an assoclatlon wltb crop plants
tbrougb tormlng nooules ln tbelr roots.
O Tbe tree llvlng bacterlaoo not torm any assoclatlon but llve
treely ano tl atmospberlc nltrogen.
O Now let us eamlne tbe teatures ot tbese mlcrobes ln oetalls.
7
BIOFERTILIZER. By. Vipul K.
Panchal
O Th1zoI1uD
O Rhzobum llves ln tbe root balrs ot tbe legumes by tormlng nooules
O Tbe name Rhzobum was establlsbeo by Frank ln 1889.
O Tbls genus bas seven olstlnct specles baseo on "Cross |noculatlon roup
Concept".
O More tban twenty cross-lnoculatlons groups bave been establlsbeo so tar.
O A new classltlcatlon bas been establlsbeo tor Rhzobum.
O Tbat ls 'slow growlng rblzobla' known as 7,/7hzobum ano tbe otber
group ls 'tast growlng rblzobla' calleo Rhzobum. Stlll tbls classltlcatlon ls
olscretely not olstlngulsbable because tbe bacterla ot one group may lntect
to anotber group.
O Tbls ls calleo "tbe prlnclple ot cross lnoculatlon" wblcb relles on tbe
assumptlon tbat legumes wltbln a partlcular lntectlon group may be
nooulateo by anotber specles ot nooule tormlng bacterla
8
BIOFERTILIZER. By. Vipul K.
Panchal
< !hon: o] .I1rn!1oD o] Th1zoI1uD JDoruInD!:
< The seed treatment has been Iound to be the suitable method oI
Rhizobium inoculation.
< $ome adhesive is used to make proper contact between seeds and
< inoculants (bacteria).
< About 900 g soil base culture is suIIicient to inoculate the seeds Ior
one hectare area in case oI legumes.
< A 10 jaggery ur) solution is used as sticker Ior Rhizobium
cells to seed.
< irst the solution is spread over the seeds and mixed to build up a
thin coat over the seeds.
< AIter ascertaining the proper coating oI slurry over the seeds, the
inoculant is sprinkled over the seeds and the content is again mixed
thoroughly.
< Then content is dried in the shade by spreading thinly on a
polythene sheet at least Ior overnight
9
BIOFERTILIZER. By. Vipul K.
Panchal
O Tbls ls a tree llvlng or DoD -:_DI1o!1r Inr!11n (ooes not
torm nooules but makes assoclatlon by llvlng ln tbe rblzospbere).
Azosplrlllum specles establlsb an assoclatlon wltb many plants
partlcularly wltb C, plants sucb as malze, sorgbum,sugarcane, etc.
O |t ls tbe most common organlsm ano can torm assoclatlve
symblosls on a large varlety ot plants.
O Azosplrlllum ls recognlzeo as a oomlnant soll mlcrobe
10
BIOFERTILIZER. By. Vipul K.
Panchal
t!:e +ee+ A!goe {tA,
This is another ++o+!o+! class oI bioIertilizer.
The Blue-green algae are small organisms and can be seen under the
microscope as a single cell or large accumulation oI cells(colonies) or
strings oI cells(trichomes).
They have a similar external appearance to that oI Algae and Azolla
growing in a pond their requirements Ior light, nutrients and carbon
dioxide are also similar.

11
BIOFERTILIZER. By. Vipul K.
Panchal
.zo!oInr!o1
zotob,.to7 ls a beterotropblc ]1 I1:1Dq D1!1oqD
]1:1Dq Inr!11n present ln alkallne ano neutral solls.
zotob,.to7 .h7o.o..um ls tbe most commonly occurrlng
specles ln n1nII :o1I: o] JDn1n.
Apart trom lts ablllty to tl atmospberlc nltrogen ln solls, lt can
also syntbeslze growtb promotlng substances ;z.,
nu:1D:,nDn q1II1II1D: ano also to some etent tbe
vltamlns.
Many stralns ot zotob,.to7 also eblblt ]uDq1r1nnI
1o1!1: agalnst certaln specles ot tungus.
#esponse ot zotob,.to7 bas been seen ln rlce, malze, cotton,
sugarcane, pearl mlllet,vegetable ano some plantatlon crops.
Flelo eperlments carrleo out on zotob,.te7
12
BIOFERTILIZER. By. Vipul K.
Panchal
O n!u1: o] .zo!oInr!o1
O Azotobacter contrlbutes to tbe mooerate benetlts.
O Azotobacter ls beavlest breatblng organlsm ano requlres a
large amount ot organlc carbon tor lts growtb.
O |t ls oo1 roD!1!o1 tor nutrlents ln soll.
O 9 con 5enef|9 crops 5, N|9rogen f|xo9|on, re|eose of grow9
promo9|ng su5s9onces, ond fung|c|d|c su5s9onces.
O Azotobacter ls less ettectlve ln solls wltb poor organlc matter
content.
O |t lmproves seeo germlnatlon ano plant growtb.
13
BIOFERTILIZER. By. Vipul K.
Panchal
O .r!oInr!o1:-
O .etob,.to7 /,zot7oph.us ls a new|, d|scovered n|9rogen f|x|ng
5oc9er|o ossoc|o9ed w|9 sugorcone crop.
O Tbls bacterlum belongs to tbe alpba group ot ptoteoboctetlo
O
O |t was lsolateo trom leat, root, buo ano stem samples ot
sugarcane.
O Acetobator ls locateo ln apoplastlc tlulo ot sugarcane stem ano
to some etent ln ylem vessels.
O |t ls an aclo ano blgb salt tolerant ano sucrose lovlng bacterla
wblcb can f|x up 9o 200 kg n|9rogen per ec9ore.
14
BIOFERTILIZER. By. Vipul K.
Panchal
O ':1ruIn1 .1Iu:ruIn1 _ro11h1zn |'.J
O Tbe term mycorrblza was taken trom reek language meanlng
]uDqu: 1oo!.Tbls term was colneo by Frank ln 1885
O As lnolcateo above, tbe mycorrblza ls a mutuallstlc assoclatlon between
tungal mycella ano plant roots.
O vAM ls an enootropblc (llve lnsloe) mycorrblza tormeo by aseptateo
pbycomycetous tungl.
O vAM belp ln nu9r|en9 9ronsfer malnly ot pbospborus, zlnc ano sultur.
O Tbey also mo5|||ze d|fferen9 nu9r|en9s llke Cu(copper), K(potasslum),
Al(alumlnum), Mn(manganese), Fe (lron)ano Mg (magneslum) trom tbe
soll to tbe plant roots.
O
O Tbey posses veslcles (sac llke structure) tor storage ot nutrlents ano
arbuscular tor tunnellng tbem lnto root system.
15
BIOFERTILIZER. By. Vipul K.
Panchal
Mechan|sm of Act|on
O 1he vAM forms an assoclaLlon wlLh planL rooLs
O lL peoettotes lo tbe toot cottex and spreads around Lhe rooLs of Lhe
planL
O As Lhe name lndlcaLes Lhey posses sac llke sLrucLure called
eslcoles whlch sLores phosphorus as phosphollplds
O 1he oLher sLrucLure called arbuscule helps brlnglng Lhe dlsLanL
nuLrlenLs Lo Lhe veslcules and rooL
4ctions of Mycorrhito
O % Lnhances Lhe feedlng areas of Lhe planL rooL ls as Lhe hyphae
spreads around Lhe rooLs
O 2% Moblllzes Lhe nuLrlenLs from dlsLanLance Lo rooL
O ) Lores Lhe nuLrlenLs (sp phosphorus%
O % 8emoves Lhe Loxlc chemlcals (example phenollcs% whlch
oLherwlse hlnder nuLrlenL avallablllLy
O ) 9rovlde proLecLlon agalnsL oLher fungl and nemaLodes
16
BIOFERTILIZER. By. Vipul K.
Panchal
!hon o] !hon o] I1o]1!1I1z1 I1o]1!1I1z1 1DoruIn!1oD 1DoruIn!1oD
O $n JDoruIn!1oD
O Tbls ls tbe most common practlce ot applylng blotertlllzers.
O |n tbls metboo, tbe blotertlllzers are mleo wltb 10 per cent
solutlon ot jaggary.
O Tbe slurry ls tben poureo over tbe seeos spreao on a
cementeo tloor ano mleo properly ln a way tbat a tbln layer
ls tormeo arouno tbe seeos.
O Tbe treateo seeos sboulo be orleo ln tbe sbaoe overnlgbt
ano tben tbey sboulo be useo.
O enerally, 750 gram ot blotertlllzer ls requlreo to treat tbe
legume seeos tor one bectare area.
17
BIOFERTILIZER. By. Vipul K.
Panchal
;o+! A!+to!+o+ ;o+! A!+to!+o+
This method is mostly :80/ Ior Iruit crops, sugarcane, and
other crops where localized application is needed.
At the time oI planting oI Iruit trees, 20 g oI bioIertilizer
mixed with compost is to be added in the ring oI one sapling.
$ometime, the bioIertilizers are also -74,/.,890/ in the soil
but we may require Iour to ten times more bio Iertilizers.
BeIore broadcasting,the inoculants should be incubated with
the desired amount oI well decomposed granulated Ior
24 hours.
18
BIOFERTILIZER. By. Vipul K.
Panchal
Selt |noculatlon or Selt |noculatlon or Tubez Tubez |noculatlon |noculatlon
O Tbls metboo ls sultable tor appllcatlon ot
Azotobactor. |n tbls metboo,50 lltres ot water ls
taken ln a orum ano 4-5 kg ot Azotobacter
blotertlllzer ls aooeo ano mleo properly.
O !lantlng materlals requlreo tor one acre ot lano are
olppeo ln tbls mlture.
O Slmllarly, lt we are treatlng tbe potato, tben tbe
tubers are olppeo ln tbe mlture ano plantlng ls
oone atter orylng tbe materlals ln tbe sbaoe
19
BIOFERTILIZER. By. Vipul K.
Panchal
.J'..1$ .J'..1$
O Tbere are many aovantages ot uslng tbe blotertlllzers. Tbey torm
an lmportant ossoc|o9|on w|9 o9er so|| m|cro5es ond e|p |n nu9r|en9
supp|,.
O Fles atmospberlc nltrogen.
O |ncrease avallablllty or uptake ot nutrlents tbrougb solublllzatlon or
lncreaseo absorptlon.
O $9|mu|o9e p|on9 grow9 tbrougb bormonal or antlblotlcs actlon or by
oecomposlng organlc waste.
O Tbey are cbeap, bence, reouceo cost ot cultlvatlon.
O mproves so|| proper9|es ano sustalnlng soll tertllltyLeao to soll
enrlcbment.
O Are compatlble wltb long term sustalnablllty.
O u||d up so|| fer9|||9, |n 9e |ong 9erm.
O Tbey are eco-trlenoly ano pose no oamage to tbe envlronment
20
BIOFERTILIZER. By. Vipul K.
Panchal
J1:nn:nD!nq: J1:nn:nD!nq:
O As sucb tbere |s no ormfu| |mpoc9 of 5|ofer9|||zers lt lt ls
useo properly some constralnts:
O Specltlc to tbe plants.#|zo5|urn spp. culture ooesn't
work well ln blgb nltrate tolerant stralns ot soybean.
O Tbe acceptablllty ot blotertlllzers bas been ratber low
cbletly because tbey oo not proouce qulck ano
spectacular responses.
O #equlre sklll ln proouctlon ano appllcatlon.Dlttlcult to
store.
21
BIOFERTILIZER. By. Vipul K.
Panchal
T11T11$ T11T11$
Bio-FertiIizers
#ao Subba, K.S.(1974). !7ospe.ts o( ,.te7, Ie7tz,ton n ln/,. Fertllser
News, 19(12):32-38.
$oiI Ie7tt ,n/ Nut7ent Aleanoer, M. (1985) . |ntroouctlon to Soll Mlcroblology (2noL o.)
Wlley Lastern
,n,ement Llmlteo, New Delbl.
#aoSubba, N.S. (2000). Soll Mlcroblology (Fourtb Loltlon ot Soll
Mlcroorganlsms ano !lant rowtb).Otoro ano |8H !ubllsblng Co. !vt . Lto.
New Delbl.
Harrls, !.[. (1988).Mlcroblal Transtormatlons ot Nltrogen.(|n) #ussell's Soll
Conoltlons ano !lant rowtb. Lolteo by Alan Wllo. Lngllsb Language 8ook
Soclety|Longman: 608-65 1.
Kannalyan, S.(2000). 8lotertlllzers-Key Factor ln Organlc Farmlng. Tbe Hlnou
Survey ot |nolan Agrlculture. !ubllsbeo by S.#angrajaneon bebalt ot M/s Kasturl
ano Sons Lto. At tbe Natlonal !ress, Kasturl 8ullolng, Cbennal.
verma, L.N. ano 8battacbarya, ! (1990). ~ertlllzerNs ews, 35(12): 87-92.
[oroon, D.C.11984) ln 8ergey 's Manual ot ~~stemal8lacc terlology, vol. 1 (eos)
[.. Holt ano N.#. Krleg): 234, Wllllams ano Wllklns.
22
BIOFERTILIZER. By. Vipul K.
Panchal
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BIOFERTILIZER. By. Vipul K.
Panchal