Complex analysis

And CR
equation
Definition
A complex number z is a number of the form
where

x is the real part and y the imaginary part, written as x = Re z,
y = Im z.

j is called the imaginary unit

If x = 0, then z = jy is a pure imaginary number.

The complex conjugate of a complex number, z = x + jy,
denoted by z* , is given by
z* = x jy.

Two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real parts
are equal and their imaginary parts are equal.
1 = j
1 August 2006 Slide 2
jy x +
Complex Plane
A complex number can be plotted on a plane with two
perpendicular coordinate axes
The horizontal x-axis, called the real axis
The vertical y-axis, called the imaginary axis
1 August 2006 Slide 3
P
z = x + iy
x
y
O
Represent z = x + jy
geometrically as the point P(x,y)
in the x-y plane, or as the
vector from the origin to
P(x,y).
OP
The complex plane
x-y plane is also known
as the complex plane.
Polar Coordinates
With

sin y r u =
1 August 2006 Slide 4
cos , x r u =
z takes the polar form:

r is called the absolute value or modulus or
magnitude of z and is denoted by |z|.

* 2 2
zz y x r z = + = =
2 2
*
) )( (
y x
jy x jy x zz
+ =
+ =
Note that :
) sin (cos u u j r z + =
Complex plane, polar form of a complex number
|
.
|

\
|
=

x
y
1
tan u
1 August 2006 Slide 5
P
z = x + iy
x
y
O
Im
Re
|
z
|

=

r

Geometrically, |z| is the distance of the point z from the

origin while is the directed angle from the positive x-
axis to OP in the above figure.
From the figure,
is called the argument of z and is denoted by arg z. Thus,



For z = 0, is undefined.

A complex number z 0 has infinitely many possible
arguments, each one differing from the rest by some multiple
of 2. In fact, arg z is actually



The value of that lies in the interval (-, ] is called the
principle argument of z ( 0) and is denoted by Arg z.
0 tan arg
1
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =

z
x
y
z u
,... 2 , 1 , 0 , 2 tan
1
=
|
.
|

\
|
=

n n
x
y
t u
1 August 2006 Slide 6
Euler Formula an alternate polar form
The polar form of a complex number can be rewritten as :



This leads to the complex exponential function :
u
u u
j
re
jy x j r z
=
+ = + = ) sin (cos
( )
( )
u u
u u
u
u
j j
j j
e e
j
e e

=
+ =
2
1
sin
2
1
cos
1 August 2006 Slide 7
Further leads to :
( ) y j y e
e e e e
x
jy x jy x z
sin cos + =
= =
+
1 August 2006 Slide 8
In mathematics terms, u is referred to as the argument of z
and it can be positive or negative.
In engineering terms, u is generally referred to as phase of z
and it can be positive or negative. It is denoted as
The magnitude of z is the same both in Mathematics and
engineering, although in engineering, there are also
different interpretations depending on what physical system
one is referring to. Magnitudes are always > 0.
The application of complex numbers in engineering will
be dealt with later.
z Z
1 August 2006 Slide 9
x
+u
1
x
z
1
z
2
Im
Re
-u
2
r
1
r
2
1
1 1
u j
e r z =
2
2 2
u j
e r z

=
0 , , ,
2 1 2 1
> u u r r
4
2
4
sin
4
cos 2
t
t t
j
e j z = |
.
|

\
|
+ =
2 ) 1 1 ( | |
2 2
= + = z
rad 2
4
2
1
1
tan
1
|
.
|

\
|
+ = +
|
.
|

\
|
= Z

t
t
t n n z
1 August 2006 Slide 10
A complex number, z = 1 + j , has a magnitude
Example 1
and argument :
Hence its principal argument is : Arg / 4 z t =
rad
Hence in polar form :
1 August 2006 Slide 11
A complex number, z = 1 - j , has a magnitude
2 ) 1 1 ( | |
2 2
= + = z
Example 2
rad 2
4
2
1
1
tan
1
|
.
|

\
|
+ = +
|
.
|

\
|

= Z

t
t
t n n z
and argument :
Hence its principal argument is :
rad
Hence in polar form :
In what way does the polar form help in manipulating
complex numbers?
4
t
= z Arg
|
.
|

\
|
= =

4
sin
4
cos 2 2
4
t t
t
j e z
j
1 August 2006 Slide 12
What about z
1
=0+j, z
2
=0-j, z
3
=2+j0, z
4
=-2?
Other Examples
t
t
5 . 0 1
1
1 0
5 . 0
1
Z =
=
+ =
j
e
j z
t
t
5 . 0 1
1
1 0
5 . 0
2
Z =
=
=
j
e
j z
0 2
2
0 2
0
3
Z =
=
+ =
j
e
j z
t
t
Z =
=
+ =

2
2
0 2
4
j
e
j z
1 August 2006 Slide 13



Im
Re
z
1
= + j

z
2
= - j

z
3
= 2

z
4
= -2

t 5 . 0
Arithmetic Operations in Polar Form
The representation of z by its real and
imaginary parts is useful for addition and
subtraction.

For multiplication and division, representation
by the polar form has apparent geometric
meaning.
1 August 2006 Slide 14
1 August 2006 Slide 15
Suppose we have 2 complex numbers, z
1
and z
2
given by :
2
1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
u
u
j
j
e r jy x z
e r jy x z

= =
= + =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 1 2 1
2 2 1 1 2 1
y y j x x
jy x jy x z z
+ + =
+ + = +
( )( )
)) ( (
2 1
2 1 2 1
2 1
2 1
u u
u u
+

=
=
j
j j
e r r
e r e r z z
Easier with normal
form than polar form
Easier with polar form
than normal form
magnitudes multiply! phases add!
For a complex number z
2
0,
) (
2
1
)) ( (
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1
2
1
u u u u
u
u
+
= = =
j j
j
j
e
r
r
e
r
r
e r
e r
z
z
2
1
2
1
r
r
z
z
=
1 August 2006 Slide 16
magnitudes divide!
phases subtract!
2 1 2 1
) ( u u u u + = = Zz
1 August 2006 Slide 17
By definition, a limit exists only if it is unique.
Therefore, these two expressions must be
equivalent. Equating real and imaginary parts,
we have that
x
v
y
u
y
v
x
u
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
and
must hold at z
0
= x
0
+ iy
0
. These equations
are called the Cauchy-Riemann Equations.
Their importance is made clear in the
following theorem.
1 August 2006 Slide 18
Cauchy-Riemann Equations
Theorem. Let f (z) = u(x,y) + iv(x,y) be
defined in some open set I containing the
point z
0
. If the first partial derivatives of u
and v exist in I, and are continuous at z
0
,
and satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann
equations at z
0
, then f (z) is differentiable
at z
0
. Consequently, if the first partial
derivatives are continuous and satisfy the
Cauchy-Riemann equations at all points
of I, then f (z) is analytic in I.
Example 1
1 , 1 , 2 , 2
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
+ + =
x
v
y
u
y
y
v
x
x
u
x y i y x z f
Hence, the Cauchy-Riemann equations
are satisfied only on the line x = y, and
therefore in no open disk. Thus, by the
theorem, f (z) is nowhere analytic.
Example 2
Prove that f (z) is entire and find its derivative.
y e
x
v
y e
y
u
y e
y
v
y e
x
u
y ie y e z f
x x x x
x x
sin , sin , cos , cos
: Solution
sin cos ) (
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
+ =
The first partials are continuous and satisfy the
Cauchy-Riemann equations at every point.
. sin cos ) ( ' y ie y e
x
v
i
x
u
z f
x x
+ =
c
c
+
c
c
=
THANKS