ANGIOSPERM

GYMNOSPERM

NON-VASCULAR PLANT
SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANT

Seed plants. Produce reproductive structures called flowers and fruits. Angiosperms are also known as flowering plants. Angiosperms are classified in a single phylum called Anthophyta.

Petal

Anther

Filament

Receptacl e Stigma Style Ovule

Structure

Features and functions

Usually green and enclosed the flowers
before it opens.

Sepals
Petals

Brightly colours pollinators.

and

aids

in

attracting

Stamens

Microsprophylls, floral organs that produce

spores that give rise to pollen grains containing male gametophytes.

Filament Anther Carpels Stigma Style Ovary Receptacles

Holding the terminal sac, anther. Produce pollen grains. Megasporophylls, make megaspores and their products, female gametophytes. Sticky and receives pollens. Pathway to ovary. Contains ovules. If fertilisation occurs, an ovule develops into seeds. Attached some parts of flowers to a part of

A fruit develop after pollnation and triggers the hormonal changes to grow. The wall of ovary becomes the pericarp.

Mature fruits can be either fleshy or dry.

Various fruit adaptation helps disperse seeds. For example, cocounut are dispersed their seeds by water.

Walnut have dry fruit that remain closed when it is mature.

Grapefruit has softer fruit inside and harder outside.

Tomato has soft and fleshy fruit inside and outside.

Nectarine, example of fruit that has fleshy fruit outside and hard inner layer inside.

Monocots one cotyledon Dicots two cotyledons

*Cotyledons is the seed leaves in the embryo of angiosperm.

Monocot Characteristics

Dicots Characteristics

One Cotyledon

Embryo

Two Cotyledons

Veins usually parallel Vascular tissues scattered

Leaf Venation

Veins usually netlike

Stems

Vascular tissue usually arranged in

ring
Fibrous Roots Taproot

Pollen grain with no opening

Pollen

Pollen grain with three openings

Floral usually in
multiple of three

Flowers

Floral usually in
multiple of four or

Animals have an important role for helps plants to disperse their pollens and seeds. Animals gets some benefits during the dispersing of the pollens and seeds. For example, the can sucks the nectar and ate the fruits.

1)
2) 3)

Seed plants
Naked seed born in cones Gametophyte very reduced, sporophyte is the

dominat
4) Female gametophyte becomes a seed which contain food store

and protective coat

The phyla of gymnosperm

Ginkgophyta

Cycadophyta

Coniferophyta

Gnenophyta

 Cycads have seed cones which are found in

the
center of the plant. The reproduction is similar to that of pines, except that cycad are diocies ( seed cones are on female plants and pollen cones are on male plants). Cycads have retained the primitive feature of flagellated sperm but do develop a pollen tube, so water is not needed for fertilization and also they are pollinated by air or insect. Kingdom: Plantae Division:Cycadophyta Class: Cycadopsida Order: Cycadales Family: Stangeriaceae

 Coniferophyta retain their leaves in winter and their leaves are needle- shaped to conserve moisture.

The pines tree is sporophyte. sporophyte are the dominant generation.

The conifers are heterosporous that produce two types of spores microspores and megaspores. The females cones are the larger ovulate. While the male cones have microsporophllys. There is ni necessity for external water to take the pollen grains to the females cones. Kingdom: Plantae Division: Pinophyta Class: Pinopsida Order: Pinales Family: Pinaceae

 Phylum Ginkgophyta is represented, Ginkgo biloba

Ginkgo biloba is the only surviving species of this phylum

This plant also known as the maidenhair tree, it has deciduous fanlike leaves that turn gold in autumn.
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Ginkgophyta Class: Ginkgoopsida Order: Ginkgoales Family: Ginkgoaceae

Ginkgoes are dioecious and produces flagellated sperm, but does develop a pollen tube. The males make fairly inconspicuous reproductive structures and the females make fruit, which when ripe.

 All gnetophytes have both trahceids and vessel elemants in their xylem tissues like most flowering plants. Fertilization in Gnetophyta is unique as a tube grows from the egg to unite with the pollen tubes in order that fertilization can take place.

The sperms are not motile, like in the cydas and ginkgo.
This is the only type of gymnosperm that undergoes double fertilization, however no endosperm forms and

Kingdom: Plantae Division: Gnetophyta Class: Gnetopsida Order: Gnetales Family: Gnetaceae

Characteristics of Non-vascular Plants

Eukaryotic
Multi-celled (with cell walls composed of

cellulose)

Autotrophic
Do not have xylem and phloem Do not produce seeds

Do not produce flowers or fruits

 Found in moist environments, lack woody tissue Spread over the ground Gametophyte generation is dominant Sporophyte is parasitic on the gametophyte. Bryophytes have cuticle, stomata Have multicellular gametangia and sporangia that allow them to survive on land.

Their bodies are lack vascular tissue (xylem and

phloem). Water transport is mostly through capillary action, diffusion and cytoplasmic streaming Lack lignin in their cell walls Rhizoids (like root) are not made of tissues and

CHARACTERISTIC
Most liverwort gametophytes develop directly from spores but some produce protonemata. The gametophyte may be leafy or thalloid. The plant typically is flattened with distinct dorsal and ventral surfaces thalloid liverworts may be complex or simple gametophyte is ribbon-like or heart shaped, bilaterally symmetrical. Their body is called a thallus Branching is dichotomous. Gametophytes grow through the activity of a single apical cell. Complex thalloid liverworts exhibit differentiation of the thallus into strata The lower surface bears rhizoids Simple thalloid liverworts lack specialized air chambers but may contain bundles of water conducting tissue simple thalloid liverworts like Riccia and Ricciocarpus grow in damp soil or are aquatic Fragmentation and gemma cups are methods of asexual reproduction.

CHARACTERISTIC
The germinating spore produces three or four protonema cells before the thallus begins to develop. Most species have a single chloroplast with pyrenoid in each cell. (This single chloroplast is found in algae but not in other land plants.

Some species have many small chloroplasts and no

pyrenoids but the apical cell contains only one reflecting the ancestral condition. The thallus has internal chambers inhabited by the cyanobacteria Nostoc: nitrogen-fixing bacteria that supply it to the hornwort Antheridia and archegonia are embedded in the upper surface of the thallus

1.STRUCTURE - have stems, leaves and roots - use a tissue called xylem to absorb water and dissolve nutrients - This tissue is surrounded by another tissue called phloem, which conducts sugars - The cell walls are made from cellulose and pectin

2. COLOR - green - produced by the chemicals chlrorophylls A and B, as well as the pigments xanthophyll and carotenoid.

3. LIFE CYCLE alternation of generations life cycle sporophyte phase, which produces spores, and the gametophyte phase, which produces gametes independently their gametes consist of the sperm-producing structures antheridia egg-producing archegonia.

4. SPORE DISPERSAL
- seedless vascular plants rely on the wind to disperse spores - Spore dispersal occurs after the sporophyte phase - if successful, it deposits spores in a suitable location for reproduction, which sets up the gametophyte phase

5. HABITAT - spores need to land in moist areas

most seedless vascular plants grow near streams, ponds, lakes or other areas with

lots of available moisture

Vascular plants need moisture in order to develop because of their

sperm, which are

flagellated and cannot reproduce without water

CHARACTERISTIC have their sporangia organized into strobili (singular: strobilus) A strobilus is a series of sporangia and

modified
leaves closely grouped on a stem tip Leaves in strobili are soft and fleshy as opposed to the hard, modified leaves in cones Contained vascular tissue The leaves are known as microphylls

Because absence of a leaf gap in the vascular

supply of the stem at the point where the leaf vascular trace

CHARACTERISTIC

Ferns reproduce by spores Ferns have megaphyllous leaves( which cause a

leaf gap in

the vascular cylinder of the stem/rhizome)

The Fern Life Cycle - The fern gametophyte has both sexes present and

is referred
to as a prothallium. - Prothallia develop from spores shed from the

underside of
the sporophyte leaves. - Once fertilization occurs, the next generation sporophyte

MAMMALS

FISH

REPTILES

VERTEBRAT ES
BIRDS

AMPHIBIAN

 Vertebrates are any animal that having a backbone or spinal column. All vertebrates belong to the subphylum Vertebrata of the phylum Chordata. 5 classes of vertebrates : fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. General characteristics of vertebrate animals include their comparatively large size, the high degree of specialization of parts they exhibit, their bilaterally symmetrical structure and their wide distribution over the earth. Have a spinal cord, a brain enclosed in a cranium, a

MAMMALS
Mammals are everywhere! Warm-blooded and have some type of hair or fur. Have a highly developed nervous system. Examples of mammals are Orangutan, Giraffe and Tiger.

BIRDS

Warm blooded vertebrate animals with wings and bodies covered with feathers. Have lungs for breathing and a heart with four chambers. The female lays the eggs and the young hatch from these. The young are cared for by the adult birds until they are old enough to fend for themselves.

Crocodiles, alligators, turtles, lizards, snakes... all different, but all reptiles!

REPTILES
Reptiles are coldblooded animals.

They are covered in scales and are often found in the sun. Some reptiles lay eggs, but others will give birth to live young.
They eat mainly other animals such as mice, insects, small mammals, and slugs.

Cold AMPHIBIAN blooded vertebrate animals that generally spend their larval or tadpole stage in fresh water.

They do not transfer to the land until they are mature, returning to the water to breed. One of the interesting characteristics of frogs is their call, to attract females to breeding sites.

FISH
Cold blooded, live in water and use gills to obtain oxygen. Fish live in both fresh and salt water and can be found all over the world, except in some very hot larval springs and the Dead Sea because it is too salty. Fish are the largest group of vertebrates and were the first animals with backbones to appear on the earth more than 500 million years ago. Fish exhibit an extraordinary variety of size, shape and lifestyle.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS

 Do have a backbone.

They are multicellular. The cells are working together for a survival. Do not have a cell wall. Most of them have a tissues (not sponges) that are specific organizations of cells. Most of them reproduce sexually.

 Most of them reproduce sexually. Most of invertebrates are organized symmetrically. Sponges and some coral are not symmetrically. Invertebrates cannot make their own food or we called as heterotrophic. Most of invertebrate can move.

Porifera Echinoderm ata

Ringed worms, also called true worms, have long, segmented bodies with a definite head at their anterior end. Most of these worms burrow in the sand or in the earth. Examples of true worms are the ragworm and the earthworm.

All insects have three parts to their body - the head, the thorax and the abdomen. The insects have three pairs of legs attached to the thorax. Some insects, such as the dragonfly, have two pairs of wings. Others, such as the housefly, have only one pair of wings. A few insects, such as the flea, have no wings at all.

All starfish live in the sea. Their skin is hard because it contains a chalky substance. They also have spines over the surface of their skin. Starfish have five 'arms' with many suckers on them.

All spiders have a head with eight eyes. The other part of the body is the abdomen which is usually larger than the head. They all have four pairs of legs.

THE END