Modeling AC/DC/AC converter In IGBT based electric locomotive
Under the Guidance of Mr. Govardhan Ganireddy
Submitted by : Nidhi Haryani
Agenda Introduction Topologies Rectifier Design Inverter V/f Control Rectifier Control
Drive Simulation Results
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Introduction Electric Locomotives were earlier driven by DC motors and DC transmission lines, as DC commutators have problems both in starting and at low velocities, the use of 3-phase induction motor became popular. As high voltage DC transmission is not possible so AC transmission came into picture. For variable AC voltage inverters are used which require a constant DC supply which is obtained by employing a front end rectifier.
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Specifications Traction Power Supply Permissible Limits Traction Motors
Output Voltage - Sinusoidal/Square wave with variable magnitude and frequency. Input Voltage - DC Voltage
Reversible Power Flow possible
Switching Devices - IGBT Used in AC motor drive with a switch mode rectifier
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Pulse Width Modulated Switching Scheme
A sinusoidal waveform known as modulating waveform of frequency equal to that of the desired output voltage frequency is compared with a triangular waveform of frequency fs and amplitude Vtri. Vd Vm : Input Voltage : Amplitude of modulating waveform
fm fs Vtri ma
: Frequency of modulating waveform
: Switching frequency : Amplitude of triangular/carrier waveform : Amplitude modulation ratio 10 Satya K Jain 7/24/2010
ma = Vm/Vtri
mf = fs/fm mf : Frequency modulation ratio VAof : Amplitude of fundamental component of output voltage
mf should be an odd number to eliminate all the even harmonics in output voltage
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Vm > Vtri TA+ is on, Vao = 0.5Vd Vm < Vtri TA- is on, Vao = -0.5Vd VAof = ma*Vd/2
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Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter
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PWM with Bipolar Voltage Switching
Vabf = ma*Vd
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Three Phase Inverters
PWM
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PWM
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The gate signals are obtained by comparing 3 sinusoidal waveforms (in case of sinusoidal PWM) displaced by 120 degree with the triangular wave.
Vanf = ma*Vd Vab (L-L,rms) = 1.224*ma*Vd
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PWM Rectifier
Vdc = Vs(rms)*sqrt(2)/ma
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Rectifier Inductance Design
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R = 0.01 Vac= 1795V p-p,50 Hz P = 1500 Hp
For unity power factor
Ig = P/Vac(rms) Ig = 1246.79A (p-p)
Vcos(delta) = E
Tan(delta) = Ig*w*L/E Vsin(delta) = Ig*w*L ma = V/Vdc Ihn = Vhn/(n*w*L)
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Calculation for ma=0.6822
L for Power Flow
L for Harmonic Current Limit
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L for Power Flow
L for Harmonic Limit
It can be interpreted from the above calculations and simulation results that no inductance value satisfies the power flow equation as well as the harmonic flow equation. 23 Satya K Jain 7/24/2010
Induction Motor Torque Speed Characteristics
3-phase IM, 3167V, 50 Hz,1725 rpm Rr = 0.816 Lr = 2mH Rs = 0.435 Ls = 4mH ) Load : Fan Load, Kf = 1e-2 Tm = Kf*wm*wm
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When mechanical torque applied to the motor is changed skips from one graph to another which implies changing of supply frequency, so the supply frequency has to be modified accordingly. 25 Satya K Jain 7/24/2010
Steady State Speed = 157 rad/s
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Inverter V/f Control
ma/f is constant 27 Satya K Jain 7/24/2010
The reference speed is increased from 40% to 100% at 1s.
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Rectifier Control
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Current Control Hysteresis Control The ac current is compared to a reference current and it is restricted to +/- 10% of the reference current at any point of time.
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Here I-Iref 2A as Iref = 20sin(wt) Iac > Iref + 10%* Iref Iac < Iref - 10%* Iref TA- and TB+ are switched on to decrease the current TA+ and TB- are switched on to increase the current 31 Satya K Jain 7/24/2010
Voltage Control
Tracking Control System.
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Simulation Results
Steady State Voltage = 2701V 100Hz Component = 2.47%
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Steady State Current = 1149A p-p THD = 2.58% Power = 1397hp, upf 34 Satya K Jain 7/24/2010
Steady State Error = 3.5%
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Calculation of Kp and Ki
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Ignoring Kp and the filter transfer function
L = 1.67mH Settling time = 0.1s Maximum Overshoot = 5%
R = 2.59 e-4 Ki = 0.12 Kp = 1
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Drive Simulation Results
The reference speed is changed from 80%-100% at 3.5s.
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Steady State Voltage = 2794 V 100 Hz component = 0.17%
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Steady State error = 0.21% Steady State Current = 1196.46A , THD = 4.53% Power = 1404 hp, upf 40 Satya K Jain 7/24/2010
Conclusion Through our study and the simulation results obtained, it can be concluded that drive needs two separate controlling systems-
- controlling the speed of the motor and the other for maintaining constant DC link voltage. - controlling the AC current. The rectifier controller consists of two parts: hysteresis current controller tracking voltage controller
The inverter controller is based on maintaining a constant V/f ratio.
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