SMA MODELING

Rohit S. Gajbhiye (08d01010) Guide : Dr. Guruprasad

INTRODUCTION

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA's) are novel materials which have the ability to return to a predetermined shape when heated. When an SMA is cold, or below its transformation temperature, it has a very low yield strength and can be deformed quite easily into any new shape--which it will retain. However, when the material is heated above its transformation temperature it undergoes a change in crystal structure which causes it to return to its original shape. This phenomenon provides a unique mechanism for remote actuation. It is a light weight alloy It has numerous applications in medical and aerospace industries Mostly they are Ni-Ti or copper based alloys

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

SMA below its phase transformation temperature possesses a low yield strength crystallography referred to as Martensite. While in this state, the material can be deformed into other shapes with relatively little force. The new shape is retained provided the material is kept below its transformation temperature. When heated above this temperature, the material reverts to its parent structure known as Austenite causing it to return to its original shape.

T <As

T>Af

As < T < Af

One Way Memory Effect: When a shape-memory alloy is in its cold state (below As), the metal can be bent or stretched and will hold those shapes until heated above the transition temperature. Upon heating, the shape changes to its original. When the metal cools again it will remain in the hot shape, until deformed again. Two Way Memory Effect: The two-way shape-memory effect is the effect that the material remembers two different shapes: one at low temperatures, and one at the high-temperature shape

AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS

The Smart Wing Program: SMA wire tendons were used to actuate hingeless ailerons while an SMA torque tube was used to initiate spanwise wing twisting of a scaled-down F-18 The SAMPSON Program: SMAs were used to rotate the inlet cowl in order to change its cross-sectional area Chevron Research Efforts: The SMA beam elements are formed such that they force the chevron inward and mix the flow of gases (reducing noise) at low altitudes and low speeds where the engine temperature is high. Lightweight Flexible Solar Array: Utilized an SMA wire-actuated stepper motor for orientation of its solar flaps. Used for Morphing of Wings

SMA MODELING

Modeling SMA response is broadly divided into two categories: Macroscopic Approach Microscopic Approach Macroscopic Modeling Approach: Captures the SMA response at a macroscopic scale (typically >100 microns) Models which draw heavily on phenomenology are termed phenomenological models, while those with a significant amount of thermodynamic framework are classified as free-energy based models. Another class of models attempts to capture the hysteretic input-output response without explicitly accounting for underlying physics. Microscopic Modeling Approach Models have a notion of unit cell or Representative Volume Element (RVE). Martensitic variants introduced into the model are crystallographic variants. Another aspect is that generally, multiple true crystallographic variants are considered in the microscale and after analysis, an equivalent single or multiple (reduced) variant macroscopic description of the phenomena is provided

MODELING OF INELASTICITY
OA is linearly elastic and hence modeled by a linear spring i.e. once stress is removed, strain comes back to zero A is the yield point From A to C, strain increases with constant stress. Hence it is modeled as friction block i.e. when stress is released its associative residual strain is still there. Whole response is modeled with spring and friction block as shown

The phenomenon of creep is modeled here with linear dashpot i.e. phenomenon to be modeled is the deformations that may occur over time due to sustained nature of the some of the loads such as dead load and mean live loads in the structure. These deformations take place over long periods of time. For a dashpot is viscous coefficient Dashpot and spring in parallel has strain response as shown in the figure. Initially dashpot offers major resistance to stress but with time spring offers major resistance. Response of dashpot and spring in series is shown in the figure

LUMPED PARAMETER APPROACH

Evolution of state satisfies mechanical dissipation equation Rate of displacement consistent with non negative rate of dissipation and the constraints is acceptable from 2nd law of thermodynamics.

Generally types of stimuli applied are Ramp, sinusoid, impulse and step. Material characteristics Yield Hardening Stress relaxation Creep Retardation Suitable combination of masses, springs and dashpots are used for reproducing above phenomena

Commonly used models for inelastic behavior (a) Maxwell model (b) Kelvin-Voigt model (c) Standard solid model

Types of springs

General power-law spring,

Linear ( = 1) Softening ( < 1) Stiffening ( > 1)

Types of dashpots General power-law dashpot, Linear ( = 1) Thixotropic ( < 1) Stiffening ( > 1) Frictional (Kuhn-Tucker conditions)

Kuhn-Tucker conditions The above set of implicit equations need to be solved to obtain Dry friction problems trial and error solutions Viscous drag problems is given explicitly

Response of springs (conservative) (a) Linear (b) Stiffening (c) Softening

Response of dashpots (dissipative) (a) Linear (b) Thickening (c) Thixotropic (d) Frictional

ENERGY FORMULATION OF EQUATIONS OF MOTION

Procedure: Assign thermodynamic states of the system displacements and temperature Specify either the Helmholtz potential or Gibbs potential as a function of the states Obtain state evolution equations

The following principles are used in the energy formulation: Mechanical power theorem Maximum rate of dissipation hypothesis Lagrange multiplier method for constrained maximization Law of conservation of energy Helmholtz potential

ONE DIMENSIONAL APPROACH AND WORK HARDENING:

Energy Conservation Equation after substituting mass conservation, momentum conservation and Gibbs Potential Equations is:

Plastic deformation => Defects (dislocations) in crystal structure => Increase in resistance to further plastic deformation Resistance to further deformation is a function of total amount of plastic work done Frictional Dashpots: LPM

Equivalent plastic strain, Hardening laws: Linear hardening, Swift law, Voce law, Metals without a sharp yield point

Bauschinger effect Fatigue behavior

Cyclic loading => Small microscopic changes in internal structure => Formation of cracks Asymmetry between tension and compression (path dependent nature) Typical behavior of materials to cyclic loading: Rachetting, Mean stress relaxation and Shakedown Micro-scale model Dislocations pinned at fixed locations bulge out, resist forward motion and assist reverse motion (like stretched spring) LPM:

CASE STUDY PASSIVE DAMPING OF FRAME USING SUPERELASTIC SMA BRACINGS

The structural arrangement is shown in the figure alongside. The dimensions of the frame and loading conditions are provided Since the SMA braces are primarily under tensile loads, the response of bracing material under uniaxial tension needs to be modeled Using the obtained model, the response of the frame with braces can be obtained under dynamic loading conditions.

SMA WIRE BEHAVIOR UNDER UNIAXIAL TENSION

The response of SMA wire obtained experimentally is shown alongside

REFERENCES

Inelasticity of materials: An engineering approach and practical guide, World Scientific Book K. Otsuka, X. Ren. Recent developments in the research of shape memory alloys (1999). Intermetallics 7: 511-528. D. Hartl, D. Lagoudas. Aerospace applications of shape memory alloys. Aerospace Engineering Department, Texas A&M University. G.Song, N. Ma, H.-N. Li. Applications of shape memory alloys in civil structures (2006). Engineering Structures 28: 1266-1274. A. Khandelwal, V. Buravalla. Models for shape memory alloy behavior (2009). International Journal of Structural Changes in Solids 1: 111-148. UG Course Notes , Smart Materials and Structures Prof. Mira Mitra, Aerospace Engineering Department, IIT Bombay. J. V. Humbeeck. Non-medical applications of shape memory alloys (1999). Materials Science and Engineering A273-275: 134-148. Introduction to Shape Memory Alloys, Link: www.tinialloy.com/pdf/introductiontosma.pdf Shape-memory alloy Wikipedia Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape-memory_alloy

THANK YOU

BACK-UP SLIDES

LUMPED PARAMETER APPROACH

1.

Evolution of state satisfies mechanical dissipation equation

2.

Rate of displacement consistent with non negative rate of dissipation and the constraints is acceptable from 2nd law of thermodynamics. Equation of motion with Gauss theory of least constraint is

3.

Generalised force equation should satisfy non- negativity of dissipation rate 4. Convenient way is to maximise subject to constraints. This allows to :
Obtain

Equation of motion Incorporate constraint forces Obtain constitutive relation for dissipative forces that satisfy non negativity of rate of dissipation

ONE DIMENSIONAL APPROACH

where x is new location and X is old location of 2 reference points Mass Conservation: mass per unit length Momentum Conservation: Energy Conservation: Using Gibbs Potential approach:

Hence

Substitute to get

BAUSCHINGER EFFECT

LPM:

is the stress in the Bauschinger spring and is referred to as the back stress