Professional Air Man Ship

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Airmanship Airmanship
Professionalism in Aviation Professionalism in Aviation
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Professional Flight Safety
Professionalism ?
Airmanship
Management
Mechanicsmanship
Design & Engineering
Cabin - people interface
Airmanship
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Airmanship ?
What is it ?
Personal Qualities
Taught or Acquired
mproved or enhanced
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What is Airmanship ?
Airmanship is the consistent use of good judgment and well Airmanship is the consistent use of good judgment and well
developed skills to accomplish flight objectives. This consistency is developed skills to accomplish flight objectives. This consistency is
founded on a cornerstone of uncompromising flight discipline and is founded on a cornerstone of uncompromising flight discipline and is
developed through systematic skill acquisition and proficiency. A high developed through systematic skill acquisition and proficiency. A high
state of situation awareness completes the airmanship picture and is state of situation awareness completes the airmanship picture and is
obtained through knowledge of one's self, aircraft, environment, team obtained through knowledge of one's self, aircraft, environment, team
and risk. and risk.
Tony Kern Tony Kern
DiscipIine DiscipIine
SkiII SkiII
Proficiency Proficiency
KnowIedge KnowIedge
Situation Awareness Situation Awareness
Judgement Judgement
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An nherent and Necessary Qualities
Self Aircraft Risk
Team Environment
Mission
Pillars of Pillars of KnowIedge KnowIedge
Judgement Judgement
SkiII SkiII
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The Elements of Airmanship
SkiII SkiII
KnowIedge KnowIedge
Judgement Judgement
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Discipline
The ability and will-power to fly safely
Comply with the rules, follow all Procedures
Regulatory,
Organisational,
Operational
Common sense
aiIed to foIIow SOPs" aiIed to foIIow SOPs"
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Discipline
Follow the rules. They are usually right.
Understand the rules and the reasons for them.
Do not accept that rules will have to be bent to get the work done.
Not so fast. Think first.
Do you really understand the problems.
Reject opportunities for short cuts or to do things that appear to be 'better'.
t could happen to you.
Carelessness and overconfidence are much more dangerous than the calculated
acceptance of risk.
Taking chances is foolish.
Everyone can, and will make errors. Human error is part of human nature.
Control the feeling that you have the ability and experience to do the job without
following the procedures.
You are not helpless. You can make a difference.
Plan and prepare for problems before they arise; think ahead.
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SkiII SkiII
KnowIedge KnowIedge
Judgement Judgement
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Skill and Proficiency
Physical
Communication
Decision making
Team
Self assessment
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Skill - An ability that comes from training and practice
Unskilled Unskilled
Basic training only provides those skills necessary to be saIe.
!7ecision !7ecision
Precise technical and non-technical skills
result Irom personal endeavour.
Efficient Efficient
An aircraIt commander controls the aircraIt
and leads a team.
Safe Safe
Continuing training, experience, and greater awareness will enable you
to operate eIIectively as a crew member.
Effective Effective
Broader, non-technical skills, and
experience gives eIIicient operation.
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SkiII SkiII
KnowIedge KnowIedge
Judgement Judgement
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Knowledge
Self
Medical, fatigue, stress, workload, error
Team
Management and subordinates, workload, error management
Aircraft
What to know, how to learn
Environment
Physical, day / night, VFR / FR, Regulatory, Organizational
Risk
Perception of risk, attitude to risk, risk v regulation, culture
Mission
Corporate culture, safety management, policies
Self
Medical, fatigue, stress, workload, error
Team
Management and subordinates, workload, error management
Aircraft
What to know, how to learn
Environment
Physical, day / night, VFR / FR, Regulatory, Organizational
Risk
Perception of risk, attitude to risk, risk v regulation, culture
Mission
Corporate culture, safety management, policies
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A Surprise test !
Test your skills and Test your skills and
knowledge knowledge
3 questions
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Test 1 Writing skill
our Name
Signature
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Test 2 Drawing skill
Copy this shape into
each corner of the paper

our Name
Signature
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Test 3 - A mind game, thinking skill
You and your opponent, take alternate turns to select a number
from the set of 1 to 9, announce the number chosen.
Objective:- to achieve a total of 15 using three numbers; the first
person with three numbers totalling fifteen, wins.
Each number can only be selected once, thus if your opponent
has selected a number you cannot use it.
Remember you need three numbers, and you are trying to block
your opponent reaching a total of 15.
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Aim to win
This is a mind game This is a mind game
No pencils or paper ! No pencils or paper !
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Results
No right or wrong
Just understanding
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Test 1 Routine
An automatic skiII; once learnt, easy to repeat.
Landing, Takeoff
Go around, RTO
EGPWS Pull Up
May need additional training for unusual situations
i.e. landing in a limiting x-wind, - signature in turbulence
our Signature
Routine Automatic
5
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Test 2 Non-Normal
A proceduraI skiII
nfrequent, but not an exceptional situation
Requires a well prepared procedure
'Turn the paper upside down and write 5 in each
corner'
dentify the situation (understand the question)
Refer to the checklist
Follow procedures
Practice these skills for familiarity
i.e. hydraulic failure, engine shutdown
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Test 3 Exceptional
Situations beyond normal expectations
Novel, not normally encountered in flight.
Understand the extent and nature of the problem
Communicate; verbal, not visual
Form a common mental model
procedural solution unlikely to be available
8 1 6
3 5 7
4 9 2
X X O
O
O X
but easy if there is time for sufficient
thought and practice
T|c Tac Toe
Requ|res consc|ous thought
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Situation - Behaviour
KnowIedge
RuIe
SkiII
S
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
Novel
Routine
Trained
entaI" ControI
X O
O
O X X
X O
O
O X X
Signature
5
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Standard Operating Procedures
KnowIedge
RuIe
SkiII
S
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t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
Novel
Routine
Trained
%inking" ControI
SOPs are rule based,
but not limited to
'trained for' situations
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Behaviour Danger Areas
KnowIedge
RuIe
SkiII
S
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
Novel
Routine
Trained
%inking" ControI
"Headless chicken
Rush, Hurry
Act without thinking
" know better
will do it this way
Poor or inadequate
training / knowledge
8 1 6
3 5 7
4 9 2
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Behaviour Danger Areas
KnowIedge
RuIe
SkiII
S
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t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
Novel
Routine
Trained
%inking" ControI
X OO
OO
OO X
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An example of Airmanship
(and CRM, and safety management)
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CFT Avoided Just happened
Ajaccio
DME Arc
LS 02
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CFT Avoided What happened
PULL UP PULL UP
PULL UP PULL UP
Ajaccio
DME Arc
LS 02
Used LS DME not AJO
Chart design - 11
nm from AJO and LS
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CFT Avoided Why it happened
New First Officer rostered to Cat 'B' airport
Trng Capt fatigued, max sim hrs / month
First Officer's training disjointed
Jump seat occupied
Late
High, Fast
Descending ARC
Briefing not understood
Non Std instrument
setup no AJO
Used AC DME
Chart design 11 DME
from AJO and AC
Late departure, catch up during cruise
Catch up during descent, high at AF
ATC cleared a descending procedure
First Officer's flying background GA
No FMS procedure, EFS map not selected, P1 was
to use VOR2 for the ARC
The LS DME was pre-selected on NAV 1
But NAV 2 was also on LS DME, the instrument
display looked correct at 11 nm
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CFT Avoided Human Factors
Fatigue
Rush, wish to please
Mental models of the briefing
Confirmation bias, the approach looked all right
Crew cross-monitoring, student - instructor relationship
Followed procedures Pull Up, Go Around
3
3
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CFT Avoided Lessons learnt 1
Do not roster F/O in Line Training into Category B restricted
airports. (Company procedures.)
All new pilots must be taught a standard instrument set up with
special attention to use of the VOR on the DB. (Training)
Only use company trained Simulator nstructors for new
recruits. (Company procedures.)
Do not allow jump seat passengers during Line Training.
(Company procedures.)
Publish an Airport Qualification Briefing on Ajaccio.
(Operating procedures.)
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CFT Avoided Lessons learnt 2
Plan simulator time at Ajaccio for all LOFT and recurrent
training. (Company procedures.)
Give basic CRM course for F/O's. Briefing, listening and
intervention techniques. (Training)
GPWS Standard Crew procedure - Pull up immediately.
(Training)
nstall Enhanced GPWS on all aircraft in the fleet.
EGPWS would have warned the crew miles ahead of their
proximity to terrain. (Management decision.)
This operator has a 'no blame' reporting culture.
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SkiII SkiII
KnowIedge KnowIedge
Judgement Judgement
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Situation Awareness
atering information atering information
Understanding Understanding
PIanning aead PIanning aead
. is accurateIy knowing were you are
and wat is going on.
Perception
Compreension
Projection
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Mental model (situation model)
A description of
The current and future states
of a system or situation
Provides
Knowledge of the relevant elements of the system that demand
attention
An excellent method of combining information to give meaning
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Situation Awareness
Cognitive skills thinking
f something doesn't look or feel right, then it probably isn't right
Things that take longer are less likely to get done right
t's hard to detect something that isn't there
Reliable systems aren't always reliable
Watch out when you are busy or bored
Expectations can reduce awareness
Distractions come in many forms
Habits are hard to break
Murphy is patient
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An Example of Airmanship
A Professional Pilot
"Airmanship
(and CRM,)
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Airmanship - the approach
Runway 08, wind 020/10kts,
QNH 1013, OAT +32C,
Few at 7000ft, -
Visibility 10km +
Light rain -
ADF (DME)
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Airmanship the recovery
35 ft
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Airmanship the consequences
Flew through trees at 35-50 ft
Nose gear hydraulics cut; gear up OK
Green hydraulic system failed, Yellow system overheats
No flaps, air brake, spoilers; only emergency gear & brakes,
- - - -
Emergency wheels up landing
Emergency evacuation
Minimum emergency services at the airport
Land a.s.a.p. or divert
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Airmanship the safe landing
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Discipline
NPA, used constant angle stabilised descent
Checked range vs altitude
Skill & Proficiency
Flew wind-shear recovery profile
Use all crew resources excellent CRM
Knowledge
Aircraft, procedures, systems failure conditions,
Environment, airfield services, diversion airport
Situation Awareness
Gathered information, understanding, planned ahead
Judgement
Recognized and analyzed all available information, rational
evaluation of alternatives, a timely decision, maximized safety
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SkiII SkiII
KnowIedge KnowIedge
Judgement Judgement
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Judgement
Recognition Recognition
EvaIuation EvaIuation
Decision Decision
anagement anagement
PersonaI attitudes PersonaI attitudes
A judgment decision always involves a problem or choice,
an unknown element,
usually a time constraint, and stress.
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DiscipIine
SkiII
Proficiency
KnowIedge
Situation Awareness
Judgement
Professional Behaviour
Airmanship is a personal attitude to flying, why we do
it, how we do it. Airmanship must grow with training,
experience, and personal exposure. t is not just about staying
alive or not bending the airplane or yourself, it is about walking
off the airfield knowing that you have both performed and
crafted an activity. ou have been totally aware of what you
have done and why you enjoyed it, and at that point you owe
nothing to anyone.
Tony Hayes, CF Brisbane Valley Leisure Aviation Centre.
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!rofessional Flight Safety !rofessional Flight Safety
Owe nothing to anyone Owe nothing to anyone
Dan Gurney
irmanship irmanship

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