Introduction to Journalism

Early School Journalism

Before 1900-the principle was that where there is a student body there is a need for a news organ School publication was just a dotted account with little significance other than the birth of the school publication. 1920-literary essay had given way to the feature story.

1920-poetry abdicated its position to the columns, news story suggested interpretation, and editorial entered the paper.

Four Distinct Types of Publication emerged:

Newspapers The annual-now called yearbook Magazine Handbook

*half of the school papers that are published today began between 1920 to 1940.

School Journalism Today

Student journalism is never stationary, it always responds to student ingenuity and changing times, and the present period is exceptionally active one, with significant trends. School papers sphere of news coverage today has noticeably become broader.

Definition of Journalism

literature in a hurry Jose A. Quirino Something that embraces all forms in which and through which the news and comments on the news reach the public. All that happens in the world, if such happenings hold interest for the public, and all the thought, actions, and ideas which these happenings stimulate become the materials for the journalist.-F. Fraser Bond

Functions of Journalism
1. Inform the public through the news coverage 2.Influence and mold the public opinion 3. Amuse or entertain the public 4. Serve and promote community welfare as a whole

Scope of Journalism
Journalism covers three channels or areas of mass communication:
1. 2.

3.

Audio Audio-visual Print

Definition of Campus Journalism

Campus journalism is defined as that enjoyable activity of the staff of the campus paper in collecting, organizing and presenting news, writing editorials, columns, features, and literary articles, taking pictures, cartooning, copy reading, proofreading, dummying & writing headlines.

Functions of the Campus paper

A.

Aid to the students 1. provide an opportunity for interesting writing; 2.give students the opportunity to learn how to read newspapers; 3.act as a stimulus to better work. 4.develop students power of observation and discrimination

Functions of the Campus Paper

B. Aid to the School & Community 1. educate the community as to the work of the school 2. publish school and community news; 3. create & express school opinions; 4. make known the achievements of the school to the community.

Sections of the Campus Paper

A. B.

C.
D. E.

News Section Editorial Section Features/Literary Sections Columns: Sports, Fashion, etc. Review

Qualities of a Good Journalist

1.Resourcefulness- a good journalist is supposed to be resourceful in order to gain access credible sources of information and to gain success to all important event. 2. Critical- in order to separate truth from propaganda and dogmas that may distort truth.

Qualities of a Good Journalist

3. Objective- a journalist is supposed to put aside personal biases and should not let his emotions cloud his judgment. 4. Conscientious- a journalist is not supposed to use his influence in order to meet personal objectives and should be well aware of the consequences that may result from his actions.

You need to be thinking I want to be the best and be prepared to take all the necessary steps to get this.

*Specific skills: articulate, confident and be good at working to strict guidelines. *Compare yourself to real broadcast journalisttake notes of what they do well ( and what they aren't doing well ). *Learn from your mistakes.

JOURNEY OF THE NEWS STORY

Reporter / Eyewitness / Press Release

Reported and covered the news before a newspaper can be printed

News Agencies

You can get other news from outside the country which was not covered by the reporters Associated Press, Agence France Press, Phil. News Service, Reuters(British) and United Press International

Organizations that employ reporters and correspondents that send their news to their respective central offices

Central Office

Where the news is typed out on an electric typewriter and is simultaneously reproduced to the subscriber of the agency

Editor

Writes the printers direction or the guidelines and instructions to the compositor on the kinds of headlines to be used.

Copyreader or deskman

Edits the copy and writes the headlines and guidelines on a separate sheet of paper.

Linotype Man

Sets story from the edited copy in the composing room

galley

Lines of types or slugs are assembled by the compositor in a long metal tray

Galley proof

a preliminary printing of a document that is used to identify errors in the typesetting of the document Proofs or a few impression from galley which will be taken on a small proof press

Proofreader

Studies the proofs and marks all the errors that may have been made. Guided by the marked proof, the compositor corrects the type

Compositor

Transfer the proper number lines to make up a page proof from the galley to a hollow rectangular frame called chase

Lockup man

Locks the pages of type securely in the chase with wooden or metal blocks called furniture and with metal wedges called quoins

Letterpress printing

The impression is transferred from the flat chase to the paper. The type of the printing press used is called cylinder press.

Cylinder Press

The bed itself moves forward under a turning impression cylinder to print a sheet of paper Individual sheets, rather than a continuous roll

Rotary Press

It is used when many copies are to be made at a very fast rate Leaving the print impression from a printing plate formed into a complete cylinder of metal to the paper

Offset Printing

A process in which the inked impression is first made on a rubber-covered roller then transferred to the paper. More popular than cylinder and rotary press especially in printing color

Deadline

A fixed time in printing the first edition

News

An oral or written report of a past, present, or future event. It should be factual, truthful, accurate, unbiased, and interesting

Elements of News

Conflict

This may involve physical or mental Conflict man vs. man, man vs. animals, man vs. nature, man vs. himself

Immediacy or timeliness

The newest angle of the story The more recent the more interesting

Proximity or Nearness

Geographical nearness as well as to nearness of kinship or interest

Physical Psychological

Prominence

Prominent in terms of wealth, position or achievements It can also be a thing or a place

Significance, impact, consequence

People are interested in issues or events that directly or indirectly affect them

Names

Important names make important news

Drama

Adds color to the story Anything that moves a reader to a tears or to laughter is good news

Oddity or unusuallness

Strange or unnatural events, objects, person, and places

Romance and adventure

The romance of popular celebrities had hugged headlines nowadays

Sex

Usually related to stories of romance, marriage, divorce and the varied activities of men with women Difference of sex with their achievements

Progress

The development of activities and country as a whole is not only significant but also interesting news

Humor

People like to find reasons to laugh.

Animal

Stories of animals, especially those with talents are good reading matter because of their human interes

Number

Sweepstakes numbers, vital statistics, election results, scores in games, casualities, fatalities and others.

Emotion

Includes various human responses such as the innate desire for food, clothing, shelter; The universal interest in children, animals and nature

Types of News Stories

1. Scope or Origin

Local News National News Foreign News Dateline News

2. Chronology or Sequence

Advance or anticipated news published before its occurrence, sometimes called dope or prognostication Spot News gathered and reported on the spot Coverage News news written for a given beat Follow-up news a sequel to a previous story

Structure

Straight news consists of facts given straight without embellishment News feature based on facts, but it entertains more than it informs

It uses the suspended interest structure like the narrative Single feature or one-incident story Several-feature, multiple-angled or composite

4. Treatment

Fact story a plain exposition setting forth a single situation or a series of closely related facts that inform Action story a narrative actions involving not mere simple facts but also of dramatic events Speech report from a public address, talks and speeches

Quote story speeches, statements, and letters, and to some extent, interviews when reported Interview story from an interview

5. Content

Routine celebrations, enrollment, graduation and election stories reported yearly Police reports accident, fire, calamity and crime Science news Developmental news Sports stories

6. Minor Forms

News brief a short item of news interest, written like a brief telegraphic message News bulletin it is similar to the lead of a straight news story News-featurette short news feature usually used as filler Flash bulletin that conveys the first word of an event

If you want to succeed youll definitely need to be headstrong. Always think What do I need to do to achieve my goals?