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Chemistry
Chemistry is the study of matter. Chemists are interested in the study of the properties of matter, the reactions chemicals undergo and what makes up matter. Chemistry is a very wide field, ranging from physical chemistry, to inorganic chemistry to organic chemistry.
About chemistry
Physical chemistry is devoted to studying the rate of reaction, energy changes, catalysis and quantum chemistry (the study of atoms). Inorganic chemistry is the study of the periodic table, except for the compounds of carbon. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds.
About chemistry
Chemistry knowledge is advancing every day. Thousands of science researchers are studying chemicals and making of new materials. It is a fascinating field. The government is actively trying to promote research and development in the physical sciences and life sciences.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Measurements
In chemistry, we have to be precise in our scientific statements. It is not sufficient to say This compound is at a high temperature. It is too vague a statement. Scientists try to measure the properties of chemicals and quantify them. A scientist may say The Copper(II) Sulfate solution is at a temperature of 80oC.
Measurements
We can measure the temperature, volume, mass, pH, purity of a chemical. We can also measure the time for a reaction to be completed. Measurements are the foundation of physics and chemistry. Physics and chemistry are experimental sciences. A scientist needs to perform experiments to prove his hypothesis.
MEASUREMENT
OF
VOLUME
MEASUREMENT
OF
VOLUME
Measurement of Liquids/Solutions:
A measuring cylinder is used to measure the approximate volume of a liquid or solution.
A burette is used to measure and deliver accurately a variable volume of a liquid or solution e.g. 23.8 cm3.
A pipette is used to measure and deliver accurately a fixed volume of a liquid or solution e.g. 25.0 cm3.
beaker
measuring cylinder
accurate set volume of exactly 20, 25 or 50 cm3 of liquid can be drawn to a mark, using a pipette filler
accurate volume from 0 to 50 cm3 can be measured by reading the differences of the levels before and after the liquid is released; commonly used in titrations
pipette
burette
MEASUREMENT
OF
VOLUME
Measurement of Gases:
A gas syringe is used to collect and measure the volume of a gas produced in a reaction.
MEASUREMENT
OF
VOLUME
Measurement of Gases:
COLLECTION OF GASES
Collection of Gases:
The method of collection of a gas depends on: 1. the solubility of the gas in water
COLLECTION OF GASES
Downward delivery of gas:
This is a suitable method for collecting gases which are denser than air.
Examples:
COLLECTION OF GASES
Upward delivery of gas:
This is a suitable method for collecting gases which are less dense than air.
Examples:
COLLECTION OF GASES
Displacement of water:
This is a suitable method for collecting gases which are insoluble in water.
Examples:
DRYING
OF
GASES
Drying of Gases:
Examples of drying agents: Concentrated sulfuric acid Quicklime (Calcium oxide) Fused calcium chloride
DRYING
OF
GASES
Drying of Gases:
DRYING
OF
GASES
Drying of Gases:
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