Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
5/4/12
5/4/12
5/4/12
Fertilization.....
Fertilization is the process whereby two sex cells (gametes) fuse together to create a new individual with genetic potentials derived from both parents. known as Zygote formation a single event occurs in a series of steps
Also Not
5/4/12
Events
1. 2.
Regulation of sperm entry into the egg. Fusion of the genetic material of sperm and egg. Activation of egg metabolism
3.
4.
5/4/12
Sperm Capacitation..
Freshly Must
ejaculated sperm are unable or poorly able to fertilize. undergo a series of changes collectively known as Capacitation. is associated with removal of adherent seminal plasma proteins, reorganization of plasma membrane lipids and proteins.
Capacitation
5/4/12
Capacitation
occurs while sperm reside in the female reproductive tract for a period of time, as they normally do during gamete transport. appears to destabilize the sperm's membrane to prepare it for the acrosome reaction
Capacitation
5/4/12
Phases.
Phase Phase Phase
5/4/12
5/4/12
200 to 300 million spermatozoa only 300 to 500 reach the site of fertilization. one of these fertilizes the egg. sperm pass freely through corona
Only
Capacitated
cells
5/4/12
- glycoprotein shell
Facilitates
and maintains sperm binding and induces the acrosome reaction. binding and the acrosome reaction are mediated by the ligand ZP3, a zona protein. of acrosomal enzymes (acrosin) allows sperm to penetrate the zona, of the zona pellucida changes when the head of the sperm comes in contact with the oocyte surface. in release of lysosomal enzymes from cortical granules lining the plasma membrane
Both
Release
Permeability
Results
5/4/12
Acrosomal Reaction
The
acrosome reaction provides the sperm with an enzymatic drill to get throught the zona pellucida. same zona pellucida protein that serves as a sperm receptor also stimulates a series of events that lead to many areas of fusion between the plasma membrane and outer acrosomal membrane. fusion (actually an exocytosis) and vesiculation expose the acrosomal contents, leading to leakage of acrosomal enzymes from the sperm's head.
The
Membrane
As
the acrosome reaction progresses and the sperm passes through the zona pellucida, more and more of the plasma membrane and acrosomal contents are lost. the time the sperm traverses the zona pellucida, the entire anterior surface of its head, down to the inner acrosomal membrane, is denuded.
By
5/4/12
The
constant propulsive force from the sperm's flagellating tail, in combination with acrosomal enzymes, allow the sperm to create a tract through the zona pellucida. a sperm penetrates the zona pellucida, it binds to and fuses with the plasma membrane of the oocyte.
Once
5/4/12
adhesion of sperm to the oocyte - by the integrins & disintegrins penetration egg responds in three ways: Cortical and zona reactions.
After 1. 2.
3.
5/4/12
cortical reaction refers to a massive exocytosis of cortical granules seen shortly after sperm-oocyte fusion. granules contain a mixture of enzymes, including several proteases alter the structure of the zona pellucida, inducing what is known as the zona reaction. of cortical granules may also interact with the oocyte plasma membrane.
Cortical
Proteases
Components
5/4/12
The critical importance of the zona reaction is that it represents the major block to polyspermy in most mammals. This effect is the result of two measurable changes induced in the zona pellucida:
1. 2.
The zona pellucida hardens. Sperm receptors in the zona pellucida are destroyed
5/4/12
5/4/12
Egg Activation
Prior
to fertilization, the egg is in a quiescent state, arrested in metaphase of the second meiotic division. binding of a sperm, the egg rapidly undergoes a number of metabolic and physical changes that collectively are called egg activation. effects include a rise in the intracellular concentration of calcium, completion of the second meiotic division and the so-called cortical reaction.
Upon
Prominent
5/4/12
5/4/12
5/4/12
Summary.
1 The sperm
acrosomal enzymes digest the 3 Proteins on the eggs jelly SPERM sperm head bind coat to egg receptors 4 The plasma membranes of sperm and egg fuse Sperm head 5 The sperm nucleus enters Nucleus the egg cytoplasm Acrosome Acrosomal Plasma 6 A membrane enzymes fertilization envelope forms Receptor protein molecules Plasma Sperm membrane nucleus Vitelline Cytoplasm layer Egg Jelly nucleus coat 7 The nuclei EGG CELL of sperm Zygote and egg fuse nucleus
2 The sperms
5/4/12
Results Of Fertilization
Restoration
Determination Initiation
5/4/12
Blocking Of Polyspermy
2
Types
Fast block Changing electric potential block Zona reaction
Slow
5/4/12
Cleavage.
Mitosis
and cytokinesis of the zygote produces an increasing number of smaller cells (Blastomeres), each with an exact copy of the genome present in the zygote. Tight junction & Gap junction 16 cell ends with the formation of a blastula.
Compaction Morula
Cleavage
5/4/12
Cleavage Pattern
5/4/12
Blastocyst Formation
Morula
Blastocele Blastocyst
5/4/12
5/4/12
Cavity
Trophoblast
5/4/12
Th an Yo k u!