21modulation v110

Copyright 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.
ESIEE, Slide 1
Chapter 21
Frequency Modulation
GMSK Modulation
DSP C5000
Copyright 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.
Copyright 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved. ESIEE, Slide 2
Learning Objectives
Overview of Digital Modulation
Understanding GMSK Modulation
Learning how to Implement a GMSK
Modulator on a C54
Digital Modulations
Baseband and bandpass signalling are used to
transmit data on physical channels such as
telephone cables or radiofrequency channels.
The source of data (bits or symbol) may be a
computer file or a digitized waveform (speech,
video)
The transmitted signal carries information about
the data and its characteristic changes at the same
rate as the data.
When the signal carrying the data information
Extends from 0 Hz upwards, the term baseband
signalling is used.
Has its power centered on a central frequency fc,
the term bandpass signalling or modulation is
used.
Digital Modulation
Modulation is used because:
The channel does not include the 0 Hz
frequency and baseband signalling is
impossible
The bandwidth of the channel is split
between several channels for frequency
multiplexing
For wireless radio-communications, the
size of the antenna decreases when the
transmitted frequency increases.
Carrier Frequency
In simple modulation schemes, a single
frequency signal, the carrier, is modified
at the rate of the data.
The carrier is commonly written as:
( )
cos 2
c
A f t t +u
f
c
= Carrier frequency
A = Carrier Amplitude
u = Carrier phase
The 3 main parameters of the carrier:
amplitude, phase and frequency can be
modified to carry the information
leading to: amplitude, phase and
frequency modulation.
Digital Modulation
CPM: Continuous Phase Modulation
Frequency or phase modulation
Example: MSK, GMSK
Characteristic: constant envelope modulation
QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Example: QPSK, OQPSK, 16QAM
Characteristic: High spectral efficiency
Multicarrier Modulation
Example: OFDM, DMT
Characteristic: Muti-path delay spread tolerance,
effectivness against channel distortion
What is the Complex Envelope z(t) of a
Modulated Signal x(t) ?
{ } ( ) ( ). 2 sin ) ( 2 )cos ( ) ( ) (
2
t f t z t f t z e t z t x c
Q
c
I
t f j c
t t
t
= 9 =
f
c
= Carrier frequency
( )
2 ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
c
j f t j t
H I Q
z t x t jx t e z t jz t A t e
t u
= + = + =
z(t) = Complex envelope of x(t)
z
I
(t), z
Q
(t) are the baseband components
x
H
(t) = Hilbert transform of x(t) = x(t) with a phase shift of t/2
| |. ) ( ) (
2
1
) (
c z c z x
f f S f f S f S + + =
S
x
(f) = Power spectral density of x(t)
Complex Envelope z of a Modulated Signal x
Frequency Domain

0
1
2
0
1
2
0
1
2
f
f
f
X(f)
X
a
(f)
Z(f)
2
1
2
GMSK Modulation
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying.

Used in GSM and DECT standards.
Relevant to mobile communications
because of constant envelope
modulation:
Quite insensitive to non-linearities of power
amplifier
Robust to fading effects
But moderate spectral efficiency.
What is GMSK Modulation?
Continuous phase digital frequency
modulation
Modulation index h=1/2
Gaussian Frequency Shaping Filter
GMSK = MSK + Gaussian filter
Characterized by the value of BT
T = bit duration
B = 3dB Bandwidth of the shaping filter
BT = 0.3 for GSM
BT = 0.5 for DECT
GMSK Modulation, Expression for the
Modulated Signal x(t)
( )
( ) cos 2 ( ) with:
( ) 2 ( )
c
t
k
k
x t f t t
t h a s kT d
t
t t t
+
=
= + u
u =
}
2
1
) ( =
}
+

t t d s
Normalization
a
k
= Binary data = +/- 1
h = Modulation index = 0.5
s(t) = Gaussian frequency shaping filter
s(t)= Elementary frequency pulse
GMSK Elementary Phase Pulse
Elementary phase pulse = ( )
( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) .
t
t
t hq t h s d
t t t t
= =
}
( ) ( ) .
t
q t s d t t
=
}
| |
( )
For , ( 1) ( ) 2 ( ) ( )
( ) cos 2 ( ) cos 2 ( ) .
n n
k k
k k
n
c c k
k
t nT n T t h a q t kT a t kT
x t f t t f t a t kT
t
t t
= =
=
e + u = =
| |
= +u = +
|
\ .


Architecture of a GMSK Modulator

Coder
Bits a
k
r t ( )
VCO
h
x t ( )
h t ( )
Gaussian filter
GMSK modulator using a VCO

( )
k
k
a s t kT
( )
k
k
a t kT o

( ) ( ) * ( ) s t r t h t =

Rectangular filter

x t ( ) Coder
Bits a
k
s t ( )
2 t h

}
t
u ( ) t
cos()
sin()
+
-
s t r t h t ( ) ( ) * ( ) =
GMSK modulator without VCO
( )
k
k
a t kT o

( ) cos 2
c
f t t
( ) sin 2
c
f t t

Equation for the Gaussian Filter h(t)
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
( ) exp
ln(2) ln(2)
ln(2)
( ) exp
2
B
h t B t
H f f
B
t t
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
The duration MT
b
of the gaussian pulse
is truncated to a value inversely
proportional to B.
BT = 0.5, MT
b
= 2T
b

BT = 0.3, MT
b
= 3 or 4T
b

Frequency and Phase Elementary Pulses

- 2 - 1 0 1 2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
BT
b
= +
BT
b
=
0 5 ,
BT
b
=
0 3 ,
t in number of bit periods T
b

T g t
b
( ) Elementary frequency pulse
-2 -1 0 1 2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
t in number of bit period T
b
BT
b
= +
BT
b
=
0 3 .
BT
b
=
0 5 .
Elementary phase pulse

( ) t
t/2
The elementary frequency pulse is
the convolution of a square pulse
r(t) with a gaussian pulse h(t).
Its duration is (M+1)T
b
.
GMSK Signals
Binary sequence
GMSK modulated Signal
u
( ) t
( )
z t t
I
( ) cos ( )
= u
( )
z t t
Q
( ) sin ( )
= u
5
1
0 5 10 15 20
-1
0
1
0 5 10 15 20
-1
0
1
t
0 5 10 15 20
1
-1
0
t
0 5 10 15 20
-5
0
t
0 5 10 15 20
-1
0
t
t
in rd
Power Spectral Density of GMSK Signals

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
Power spectral density of the complex envelope of GMSK, BT=0.3, fe=8, T=1.
Logarithmic scale
Frequency normalized by 1/T
Implementing a GMSK Modulator on a DSP
Quadrature modulation can be used:
The DSP calculates the phase u and the 2
baseband components z
I
and z
Q
and sends
them to the DAC.
Or a modulated loop can be used.
In this case, the DSP generates the
instantaneous frequency f
inst
signal that is
sent to the DAC.
inst
( ).
k
k
f h a s kT t
+
=
=

Calculation of the Instantaneous Frequency
f
inst
is obtained by a simple filtering of
the bit sequence a
k
by a FIR filter of
impulse response s(n).
Open Matlab routine
pul_phas.m to calculate s(n).
Explanation of parameters are
given in following slides.
Expression for the Baseband Components
The baseband components z
I
and z
Q
are
modulated in amplitude by the 2
quadrature carriers.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) cos 2 ( ) cos ( ) cos 2 sin ( ) sin 2
c c c
x t f t t t f t t f t t t t = +u = u u
( ) ( )
( ) ( )cos 2 ( )sin 2
I c Q c
x t z t f t z t f t t t =
Baseband components

The carriers are generally RF analog
signals generated by analog oscillators
However, we will show how they could
be generated digitally if the value of f
c

were not too high.
Baseband Components and Carriers
( )
( )
( ) cos ( )
( ) sin ( )
I
Q
z t t
z t t
= u
= u
( )
( )
I
Q
Carrier cos 2
Carrier sin 2
c
c
f t
f t
t
t
=
=
Calculation of the Baseband
Components on a DSP
Calculate the phase u at time mT
S

T
s
the sampling frequency.
Read the value of cos(u) and sin(u)
from a table.
| |
For , ( 1) ( ) ( ).
( ) ( ).
n
k
k
n
S k S
k
t nT n T t a t kT
mT a mT kT
=
=
e + u =
u =

Calculation of the Elementary Pulse Phase
with Matlab
The elementary pulse phase (mT
S
) is
calculated with Matlab and stored in
memory.
The duration LT of the evolutive part of
(mT
S
) depends on the value of BT.
is called phi in the matlab routine.
( ) 2 ( )
( ) 0 0
( )
t
t h s d
t t
t h t LT
t t t
=
= <
= >
}
with Matlab 1/2

function [phi,s]=pul_phas(T_over_Ts,L,BT,T)

Ts=T/ T_over_Ts ;
% calculates the number of samples in phi in the interval 0 - LT
Nphi=ceil(T_over_Ts*L);
% calculates the number of samples in T
Nts=ceil(T_over_Ts);

phi=zeros(1,Nphi);
s=zeros(1,Nphi);

sigma=sqrt(log(2))/2/pi/(BT/T)

Open Matlab
routine
pul_phas.m
Beginning of the matlab routine
with Matlab 2/2

t=[-L*T/2:Ts:L*T/2];
t=t(1:Nphi);
ta=t+T/2;
tb=t-T/2;

Qta=0.5*(ones(1,Nphi)+erf(ta/sigma/sqrt(2)));
Qtb=0.5*(ones(1,Nphi)+erf(tb/sigma/sqrt(2)));
expta=exp(-0.5*((ta/sigma).^2))/sqrt(2*pi)*sigma;
exptb=exp(-0.5*((tb/sigma).^2))/sqrt(2*pi)*sigma;

phi=pi/T/2*(ta.*Qta+expta-tb.*Qtb-exptb);

s=1/2/T*(Qta-Qtb);
End of the matlab routine
Using the Matlab Routine
Start Matlab
Use:
T_over_Ts=8
L=4
T=1
BT=0.3
call the routine using to calculate the
phase pulse phi ( ) and the pulse s:
[phi,s]=pul_phas(T_over_Ts,L,BT,T)
Plot the phase phi and the shaping pulse s
plot(phi)
plot(s)
Results of Matlab Routine
Results for phi
For L=4 and T_over_Ts=8, we obtain 32
samples for phi. Matlab gives the
following values for phi:
Phi= [0.0001, 0.0002, 0.0005, 0.0012, 0.0028,
0.0062, 0.0127, 0.0246, 0.0446, 0.0763, 0.1231,
0.1884, 0.2740, 0.3798, 0.5036, 0.6409, 0.7854,
0.9299, 1.0672, 1.1910, 1.2968, 1.3824, 1.4476,
1.4945, 1.5262, 1.5462, 1.5581, 1.5646, 1.5680,
1.5696, 1.5703, 1.5706]
After this evolutive part of phi, phi stays
equal to t/2 (1.57).
To calculate u, the evolutive part and
the constant part of the elementary
phase pulse phi are treated separately.
| |
1
1 1
For , ( 1)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) with:
( ) 0 0
( )
2
( ) ( ) phimem( ) ( )
2
n n L n
k k k
k k k n L
n L n n
k k k
k k n L k n L
t nT n T
t a t kT a t kT a t kT
t t
h
t h t LT
t a a t kT n a t kT

t
t

= = = +
= = + = +
e +
u = = +
= <
= = >
u = + = +

Calculation of u
Separation of evolutive and constant
parts of phi.
Memory Part and Evolutive Part of u
| |
For ,( 1)
phimem( ) phimem( 1) ( ) .
2
t nT n T
n n a n L
t
e +
= +
1
1
( ) phimem( ) ( )
( ) phimem( ) ( )
n
k
k n L
S
n
S k S
k n L
t n a t kT
t mT
mT n a mT kT
= +
= +
u = +
=
u = +

Recursive Calculation of u
Names of variables
Phase = u
phi = array of evolutive part of ,
Nphi samples = LT/Ts
Ns = number of samples per bit = T/Ts
an = binary sequence (+/- 1)
2 calculation steps:
Calculate u
Calculate z
I
=cos(u) and z
Q
=sin(u) by table
reading
Calculation of u: Initialization
Initialization step:
L first bit periods, phimem = 0
At bit L+1, phimem is set to a
1
t/2.
Principle of the initialization processing:
FOR i=1 to i=L
for j=(i-1)Ns+1 to j=(i-1)Ns+Nphi
phase((i-1)Ns+j)= phase((i-1)Ns+j)+phi(j)an(i)
Endfor
endFOR
phimem=an(1) t/2
Calculation of u: After Initialization
FOR i=L+1 to last_bit
For j=(i-1)Ns+1 to j=(i-1)Ns+Nphi
phase((i-1)Ns+j)= phase((i-1)Ns+j)+phi(j)an(i)
endFor
For j=(i-1)Ns+1 to j=i Ns
phase((i-1)Ns+j)= phase((i-1)Ns+j)+phimem
xi=cos(phase(i-1)Ns+j)
xq=sin(phase((i-1)Ns+j)
endFor
phimem=phimem+pi/2 an(i+1-L)
endFOR
Coding and Wrapping the Phase Table
The phase value in [-t,t[ is represented
by the 16-bit number Iphase
Minimum phase = -t, Iphase = -2
15
.
Maximum phase = t(1-2
15
), Iphase = 2
15
-1.

15
2 phase
Iphase
t
=
Index for the table in Phase Calculation
Phase increment between 2 table values:
2t / Ncos and on Iphase 2
16
/Ncos
For Iphase, the index of the table is:
i= Ncos Iphase 2
-16

Here Ncos 2
-16
= 2
-9
,
So the index in the table is given by shifting
Iphase 9 bits to the right.
Coding of phi
The quantized values of phi can be
obtained with Matlab:
phi= round(phi*2^15/pi);
phi is defined and initialized in the file
phi03.asm as:

.ref phi
.sect "phi"
phi .word 1,2,5,13,29,65,133,256
.word 465,795,1284,1965,2858,3961,5252,6685
.word 8192,9699,11132,12423,13526,14419,15100,15589
.word 15919,16128,16251,16319,16355,16371,16379,16382
Calculation of sin() and cos() by
Table Lookup
We use a table of cosine values
Length of the table Ncos=128, circular
buffer
Contents of the table: cosine of angles +
i

uniformly distributed between -t and t.
(
e = + 1
2
,
2
cos cos
N N
i
N
i
i
t
deb_cos = first address of the table
mid_cos = address of the table middle
cos(+
i
) is at address mid_cos + i
Calculation of sin() and cos() by
Table Lookup
Conversion of the phase modulo 2t:
Wrapping phase in [-t,t[
Done by a macro: testa02pi

* Macro to wrap the phase between -t et t, phase is in ACCU A
testa02pi .macro
SUB #8000h,A,B ; sub -2^(15)
BC suite1?, BGEQ ; test if phase is in [0,2pi[
SUB #8000h,A ; sub -2^(15)
SUB #8000h,A ; SUB -2^(15)
B suite?
suite1? ADD #8000h,A,B ; add -2^(15)
BC suite?,BLT
ADD #8000h,A ; add -2^(15)
ADD #8000h,A ; add -2^(15)
suite? ; end of test
.endm

Generating the Sine Values from a Table of
Cosine Values
To generate sin(o) from the table of
cosine values, we use:
cos(t/2 - o) or cos(-t/2 + o) or cos(3t/2+ o)
If i is the index of the cosine, for the sine we
use:
i-Ncos/4 if i>= -Ncos/4
i+3Ncos /4 if i < Ncos/4.
Implementation on a C54x, Test Sequence
We can test the GMSK modulation on a
given periodical binary sequence an:
an=[ 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0]
These bits are stored in a circular buffer:
Size NB = 10
Declaration of a section bits aligned on an
address which is a multiple of 16 bits.

AR5 deb_bit
NB
an
Testing the Generation of u on the C54x,
Results Buffer
We calculate u and store it in a buffer
pointed by AR1. The size of the result
buffer is 1000 words.

AR1 resu
1000
u
Buffer for the last 1000 result values of u
Testing the Generation of u on the C54x
Buffers

AR4 phi
Nphi
phi
Circular Buffer for phi (evolutive part)
Allocated at an address multiple of 64
(Nphi = 32)

AR3 deb_phase
Nphi
phase
Circular Buffer for the variable phase
Allocated at an address multiple of 64
(Nphi = 32)
Listing for the Calculation of u
Definitions

.mmregs
.global debut,boucle
.global deb_cos, phi
.global deb_phase
.global resu
Nphi .set 32
Nphim .set -32
L .set 4
Ncos .set 128
Nsur2 .set 64
Nsur4 .set 32
NB .set 10
NS .set 8
.bss resu,1000

Macro for phase wrapping

* Definition of macro of phase wrapping testa02pi
testa02pi .macro
SUB #8000h,A,B ;sub -2^(15)
BC suite1?, BGEQ ;test if phase in [0,2pi[
SUB #8000h,A ;sub -2^(15)
SUB #8000h,A ;sub -2^(15)
B suite?
suite1? ADD #8000h,A,B ;add -2^(15)
BC suite?,BLT
ADD #8000h,A ;add -2^(15)
ADD #8000h,A ;add -2^(15)
suite? ;end test wrapping [0,2pi[
.endm

Initialization of Registers and Buffers 1/2

.text
* Initialization of BK, DP, ACCUs, and ARi
debut: LD #0, DP
LD #0, A
LD #0, B
STM #deb_bit,AR5
STM #deb_cos,AR2
STM #deb_phase ,AR3
STM #phi,AR4
STM #resu,AR1
STM +1,AR0
STM #Nphi, BK
STM #(NS-1),AR7
RSBX OVM
SSBX SXM

Initialization of Registers and Buffers 2/2

* Initialization of the phase buffer
RPT #(Nphi-1)
STL A,*AR3+%
*initialization of phimem
LD *AR5,T
MPY #04000h,A ; -2^(14) an(1)(pi/2 an(1))
STL A,*(phimem)

Calculation for the first L bits

* processing for the first L bits
STM #(L-1),AR6
Ldeb STM #Nphi-1,BRC
RPTB fin-1 ; from k=0 to k=Nphi
LD *AR3,A ; accu=phase(k)
MAC *AR4+0%,*AR5,A ; A=phase(k)+an(i) phi(k)
testa02pi
STL A,*AR3+% ; A->phase(k)
NOP
fin NOP
STM #(NS-1), AR7
Nsbouc LD *AR3,A ; output of NS values
STL A,*AR1+ ; and reset at 0 of NS words
ST #0,*AR3+%
BANZ nsbouc,*AR7-

STM #NB, BK
MAR *AR5+%
STM #Nphi,BK
BANZ Ldeb, *AR6-

Calculation of the Following Bits 1/2

* begin of the infinite loop
boucle STM #Nphi-1,BRC
RPTB fin2-1 ; for k=0 to Nphi
testa02pi
fin2
* adding phimem to the NS first points of the array
* then taking them out and reset to 0 in phase
STM #NS-1,AR7
nsbouc2 LD *(phimem),B
ADD *AR3,B,A ; B=phimem+phase(k)
testa02pi
STL A,*AR1+
ST #0,*AR3+% ; 0->phase(k)
BANZ nsbouc2,*AR7- ; ....

Calculation of the Following Bits 2/2

fin3
* actualization of phimem
LD *(phimem),A
STM #NB, BK
MAR *+AR5(#unmL)%
LD *AR5,T
MAC #04000h,A ; -2^(14) an(1)(pi/2 an(1))
testa02pi
STL A,*(phimem)
MAR *+AR5(#L)%
STM #Nphi,BK
B boucle
.end

Illustration of the Phase Result Wrapped
Between -t and t
Plot under CCS the buffer of phase results
Generation of the Baseband Components
zI=cos(u) and zQ=sin(u)
We calculate zI and zQ and we do not
need to save the phase any more.
We output ZI and Zq, in this example
on DXR0 and DXR1.
We need the table of constants for the
values of cosine.
This table is defined in the file tabcos.asm
The cosine values are given in format Q14.
File tabcos.asm

.def deb_cos,mid_cos
.sect "tab_cos"
deb_cos .word -16384,-16364,-16305,-16207,-16069,-15893,-15679,-15426
.word -15137,-14811,-14449,-14053,-13623,-13160,-12665,-12140
.word -11585,-11003,-10394,-9760,-9102,-8423,-7723,-7005
.word -6270,-5520,-4756,-3981,-3196,-2404,-1606,-804
.word 0,804,1606,2404,3196,3981,4756,5520
.word 6270,7005,7723,8423,9102,9760,10394,11003
.word 11585,12140,12665,13160,13623,14053,14449,14811
.word 15137,15426,15679,15893,16069,16207,16305,16364
.word 16384,16364,16305,16207,16069,15893,15679,15426
.word 15137,14811,14449,14053,13623,13160,12665,12140
.word 11585,11003,10394,9760,9102,8423,7723,7005
.word 6270,5520,4756,3981,3196,2404,1606,804
.word 0,-804,-1606,-2404,-3196,-3981,-4756,-5520
.word -6270,-7005,-7723,-8423,-9102,-9760,-10394,-11003
.word -11585,-12140,-12665,-13160,-13623,-14053,-14449,-14811
.word -15137,-15426,-15679,-15893,-16069,-16207,-16305,-16364
mid_cos .set deb_cos+64

Listing for the Calculation of zI and zQ
The listing for definitions and
initializations is the same as before.
Processing of the L first bits,
Processing of the other bits
(infinite loop)
Processing of the First L Bits 1/2

* Processing of the L first bits
STM #(L-1),AR6
Ldeb STM #Nphi-1,BRC
RPTB fin-1 ; from k=0 to Nphi
testa02pi
fin NOP
STM #(NS-1), AR7
Nsbouc LD *AR3,A ; output of NS values
SFTA A,-9,A
ADD #mid_cos,A,B
STLM B,AR1
NOP
NOP
LD *AR1,B
STL B,DXR0

Processing of the First L Bits 2/2

* Calculation of the sine
ADD #Nsur4,A,B
BC sui,BGT
ADD #(Nsur2),B
B sui1
sui SUB #Nsur2,B
sui1 ADD #mid_cos,B

STLM B,AR1
NOP
NOP
LD *AR1,A
STL A,DXR1
ST #0,*AR3+%
BANZ nsbouc,*AR7-

STM #NB, BK
MAR *AR5+%
STM #Nphi,BK
Processing of the Following bits 1 of 2

* begin the infinite loop
boucle STM #Nphi-1,BRC
RPTB fin2-1 ; for k=0 to Nphi
testa02pi
fin2
*phimem is added to the NS first points of the array
* then they are output and words are reset to 0 in buffer phase
STM #NS-1,AR7
nsbouc2 LD *(phimem),B
ADD *AR3,B,A ; A=phimem+phase(k)
testa02pi
SFTA A,-9,A
ADD #mid_cos,A,B
STLM B,AR1
NOP
NOP
LD *AR1,B
STL B,DXR0

Processing of the Following Bits 2 of 2

* Calculation of the sine
NOP
ADD #Nsur4,A,B
NOP
NOP
BC suii,BGT
ADD #(Nsur2),B
B suii1
suii SUB #(Nsur2) ,B
suii1 ADD #mid_cos,B
STLM B,AR1
NOP
NOP
LD *AR1,A
STL A,DXR1
ST #0,*AR3+% ; 0->phase(k)
BANZ nsbouc2,*AR7-
fin3
* actualization of phimem
LD *(phimem),A
STM #NB, BK
MAR *+AR5(#unmL)%
LD *AR5,T
MAC #04000h,A ; -2^(14) an(1)(pi/2 an(1))
testa02pi
STL A,*(phimem)
MAR *+AR5(#L)%
STM #Nphi,BK
B boucle
.end

Results Observed in CCS
Generation of 2 Quadrature Carriers
Generation of:
cos(2tf
c
t) and sin (2tf
c
t)
f
c
is the frequency of the carrier
In this example we choose f
c
=1/T
Sampling frequency = 1/Ts = f
S
In RF applications, the carriers are not
generated by the DSP. It is only possible
to use the DSP for low values of f
c
.
The angle o(t)= 2tf
c
t is calculated then
the value of cos() is read from a table.

Calculation of the Angle of the Carriers
( ) ( )
( ) 2 ( 1) 2 ( 1)
S c S S c S s
nT f nT n T f T n T o t o t o o = = + = +A
Recursive calculation of the angle o:
The precision of the generated
frequency depends on the precision of
Ao.
The phase increment Ao corresponds to
an increment AIo to the integer that
represents o.
AIo=2
16
f
c
T
S
rounded to the closest
integer.
Calculation of the Angle of the Carriers
If the number of samples per period of
the carrier is a power of 2, 2
k
:
AIo=2
16
f
c
T
S
=2
(16-k)
is exact
Then the precision of the generated
frequency depends only on the
precision of the sampling frequency.
Otherwise, there is an error df
c
in f
c
:
|df
c
|<2
-17
f
S
.
Error in the amplitudes of the carriers
due to finite precision of the table
reading. (possible interpolation).
Implementation on a C54x
We use: fs/fc=8=Ns.
The cosine table has 128 Values in Q14.

AR1 deb_cos
128
Cosine
values
Circular buffer,Table of cosine
Implementation on a C54x
Here k=3 (8 samples per period) and the
increment
AIo=2
16
f
c
T
S
=2
(16-k)
=2
13
Simple case of f
S
/f
c
as an integer value, the
table is read with an offset from the pointer =
16 = 2
7
/2
3
to generate a cosine with 8 samples
per period.
We can work directly on the index i and not
on I.
Generation of the Cosine and Sine Carriers
For the cosine:
The circular buffer containing the cosine
values (length N) is accessed with AR1.
Incremented by the content of AR0=16.
AR1 initialized with deb_cos.
For the sine:
Same circular buffer accessed by AR2.
AR2 initialized with deb_cos + Ncos/4.
Decremented by AR0=16.
Outputs (cos and sin) are sent to DXR0
and DXR1.
Generation of quadrature 2 Carriers
File porteuse.asm
A file associated with DXR0 and DXR1
is used to save visual results obtained
with the CCS simulator.
Here cosine table goes from:
0 to 2t
Listing for the Generation of 2 Carriers 1 of 2

.mmregs
.global debut,boucle
Ncos .set 128
Nsur2 .set 64
Nsur4 .set 32
Inc .set 16
* Definition and initialization of Table of cosine
.sect "tab_cos"
deb_cos .word 16384,16364,16305,16207,16069,15893,15679,15426
.word 15137,14811,14449,14053,13623,13160,12665,12140
.word 11585,11003,10394,9760,9102,8423,7723,7005
.word 6270,5520,4756,3981,3196,2404,1606,804
.word 0,-804,-1606,-2404,-3196,-3981,-4756,-5520
.word -6270,-7005,-7723,-8423,-9102,-9760,-10394,-11003
.word -11585,-12140,-12665,-13160,-13623,-14053,-14449,-14811
.word -15137,-15426,-15679,-15893,-16069,-16207,-16305,-16364
.word -16384,-16364,-16305,-16207,-16069,-15893,-15679,-15426
.word -15137,-14811,-14449,-14053,-13623,-13160,-12665,-12140
.word -11585,-11003,-10394,-9760,-9102,-8423,-7723,-7005
.word -6270,-5520,-4756,-3981,-3196,-2404,-1606,-804
.word 0,804,1606,2404,3196,3981,4756,5520
.word 6270,7005,7723,8423,9102,9760,10394,11003
.word 11585,12140,12665,13160,13623,14053,14449,14811
.word 15137,15426,15679,15893,16069,16207,16305,16364
Listing for the Generation of 2 Carriers 2 of 2

.text
* Initializations of DP, and of the phase Ialpha at 0
* The phase Ialpha is in ACCU A, and the index of table in B
* attention we work in the part of ACCUs
* Initialize AR1 at mid_cos and AR0 at Nsur4
debut:
LD #0, DP
LD #0, A
STM #Ncos,BK
STM #deb_cos,AR1
STM #(deb_cos+Nsur4),AR2
STM #Inc, AR0

* endless loop
boucle:
LD *AR1+0%,A
STL A, DXR0
LD *AR2-0%,B
STL B,DXR0
* Return to the beginning of the endless loop
B boucle

Results Obtained with CCS
Tutorial
The listing files for the precedent examples
can be found in the directory tutorial:
Tutorial > Dsk5416 > Chapter 21 > Labs_modulation
Further Activities
Application 5 for the TMS320C5416
DSK and for the TMS320C5510.
Alien Voices. A very simple application showing the
effect of modulation on audio frequencies. It shows
how the carrier causes sum and difference
frequencies to be generated. Here it is used to
generate the strange voices used for aliens in science
fiction films and television.

21modulation v110

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

21modulation v110

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Copyright 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved. ESIEE, Slide 13

Copyright 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved. ESIEE, Slide 19

Copyright 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved. ESIEE, Slide 23

Copyright 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved. ESIEE, Slide 31

S-ar putea să vă placă și