Chapter 5: Martensitic Transformations

5.1 Examples of Martensitic Systems 5.2 General Features 5.3 Self-Strain and Theory of Invariant Plane Strain 5.4 Thermodynamics 5.5 Plate Morphology and Accommodation, Polydomain Structures (Polysynthetic Twins) 5.6 Kinetics of Athermal and Isothermal Martensitic Transformations
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5.1 Examples of Martensitic Systems

(a)

(b)

(c)

Electron micrographs of quenched carbon steels (same steels as in Fig. 1.6). (After Inoue and Matsuda.1) (a) 0.2% C, lath-shaped martensite( crystals contain a large number of dislocations); (b) 0.8% C, lens-shaped martensite ( crystals contain dislocations and internal twins); (c) 1.4% C, lens shaped martensite ( crystals contain many internal twins.

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5.1 Examples of Martensitic Systems

Schematic diagram showing a twin plane or boundary and the adjacent atom positions (dark circles).
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5.1 Examples of Martensitic Systems

Table 13.1. Martensitic transformations in Nonferrous Metals (Ref. 12, p.97) Material and Composition Pure Ti Ti - 11% Mo Ti - 5% Mn Pure Zr Zr - 2.5% Nb Zr - 0.75% Cr Pure Li Pure Na Cu - 40% Zn Cu - 11 to 13.1% Al Cu - 12.9 to 14.9% Al Cu - Sn Cu - Ga Au - 47.5% Cd Au - 50 at. % Mn Pure Co In - 18 to 20% Tl Mn - 0 to 25% Cu U - 0.4 at. % Cr U - 1.4 at. % Cr Pure Hg Structural Change bcc hcp bcc hcp bcc hcp bcc hcp bcc hcp bcc hcp bcc hcp (Faulted) bcc fcc (Stress Induced) bcc hcp (Faulted) bcc fc tet (Faulted) bcc fcc (Faulted) bcc Orthorhombic bcc fcc (Faulted) bcc Orthorhombic bcc fcc (Faulted) bcc Orthorhombic bcc Orthorhombic bcc Orthorhombic fcc hcp fcc fc tet fcc Complex orthorhombic (order disorder) Complex tetragonal complex orthorhombic Rhomb bc tet Habit Plane {8, 8, 11} or {8, 9, 12} {334} and {344} {334} and {344}

{144}

~{155} ~{133} ~{122} ~{1kk} ~{1kk} {133} {111} {011} {011} Between (1-4-4) and (1-2-3)

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5.1 Examples of Martensitic Systems

Partitioning of martensite in a Kovar alloy.

Electron micrograph of a thin martensite crystal in Fe31% Ni0.23% C cooled to 196C .

Interior of a martensite crystal (in an Fe 29.8% Ni alloy) having long straight dislocations.
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5.2 General Features

A plate-like morphology with a small ratio of thickness to other linear dimensions is the typical structural element.

The habit plane (planar faces or midrib) has a definite orientation to the crystalline axes of the initial and final phases.

Partitioning of martensite in a Kovar alloy. A.L. Roitburd and G.V. Kurdjumov, Mater. Sci. & Eng, 39 (1979), 141.
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5.2 General Features

There is an orientational relationship between the lattices of the initial and final phases invariant plane strain.

Effect of twinning strain upon an inscribed semicircle in the twin matrix.

A.L. Roitburd and G.V. Kurdjumov, Mater. Sci. & Eng, 39 (1979), 141.
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5.2 General Features

The transformation is accompanied by a change in the form of the transformed region which manifests itself in a characteristic relief on the plane surface of the specimen at the site where a new phase plate appears. This macro-deformation is uniform and represents a combination of a simple shear along the plane of the plate and expansion or compression normal to this plane.

Surface relief produced by formation of a martensite plate.

The macro-deformation parameters are constant for each transformation.

A.L. Roitburd and G.V. Kurdjumov, Mater. Sci. & Eng, 39 (1979), 141.
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5.2 General Features The martensitic crystals have a regular internal structure. Often, the martensitic plate is a polysynthetic twin (polydomain structure).

Polydomain plates as a result of structural transformation in Au-Mn alloy.

Schematic models of the martensiteaustenite interface structure

A.L. Roitburd and G.V. Kurdjumov, Mater. Sci. & Eng, 39 (1979), 141.
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5.2 General Features

Theres a definite tendency toward an orderly distribution of the plates in the formation of a new phase structure.

Self-accommodated groups of martensite plates A.L. Roitburd and G.V. Kurdjumov, Mater. Sci. & Eng, 39 (1979), 141.
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5.2 General Features The transformation starts only at some deviation from the equilibrium between the undistorted phases. In the case of small deviations from the start of the transformation, the transformation under constant external conditions does not lead to the exhaustion of the initial phase. The growth rate of the martensitic crystals is high (104 105 cm/s) and does not display any noticeable temperature dependence.
A.L. Roitburd and G.V. Kurdjumov, Mater. Sci. & Eng, 39 (1979), 141.
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5.2 General Features

According to the operative nucleation kinetics, martensitic transformations are described as athermal or isothermal. In the case of athermal transformations the nucleation rate is high and does not display any temperature dependence. In the case of isothermal transformations the rate of nucleation depends essentially on temperature. Isothermal and athermal transformations can occur in the same material.

Time dependence of martensite formation in (a) athermal and (b) isothermal martensites A.L. Roitburd and G.V. Kurdjumov, Mater. Sci. & Eng, 39 (1979), 141.
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5.3 Self-Strain and Theory of Invariant Plane Strain

Bain correspondence for the transformation. Possible interstitial sites for carbon are shown by crosses. To obtain the unit cell is contracted about 20% on the C axis and expanded about 12% on the a axes.
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5.3 Self-Strain and Theory of Invariant Plane Strain

(b) (a)

(a) Twin formation by a shear stress. (b) The shear deformation.

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5.4 Thermodynamics
Fe3C + (Tempering) M Martensite is metastable M (stable) MF 100 AS (Austenite Start)

M%

T 400 C

B type behavior Thermoelastic M Au-Cd T=16 C

Ms

AF

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5.4 Thermodynamics

Type A Shape Strain 20 %

100
T 1:1 correspondence between M % and T (Thermoelastic)

M%

T Ms TE AF

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5.4 Thermodynamics
Type A: Non thermo elastic martensite Strained matrix; amount of in matrix reaches YS plastic deformation occurs, dislocation movement will start and martensite plate growth will stop. Process becomes irreversible by the generation of dislocations. Type B: Small Strains Elastic Strains Elastic Strain Energy < GB , after elastic strain energy becomes equal to GB, process stops. At lower temperature: GB will be high because of high undercooling (T) . However, plates will be smaller at small undercoolings.( GB < Elastic Strain Energy). Transformation is reversible. This is the principle for Shape memory alloys. (Ni Ti 55%, Cu Al Zn)

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5.4 Thermodynamics

Importance of SMA

Stabilization: Alloys containing interstitials

M% 100 % Mf t 50 % As

One way SM

Two way SM

From it to spring shape Mechanical Work

T2 T1 Ms

Af

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5.4 Thermodynamics
Ms Ms Mf Mf RT

Fe 1,2 % C at RT 50% M, 50% retained quenched to lower temperature (Subzero treatment) In practice: 1. Quench to RT 2. Quench in liquid nitrogen below Mf
1,2 % C%

0,7 % 100 %

50 hrs 10 hrs 1 hr

- 200

-100

0
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5.5 Plate Morphology and Accommodation, Polydomain Structures (Polysynthetic Twins)

1) Self-a ccomm oda t ion of m -pla t es

Midrib

Dom a in s of fin a l ph a se ca n be br ou gh t t oget h er on m a t ch in g pla n es t win n in g

2) F or m a t ion of t win s

Figure 5.5.1

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5.5 Plate Morphology and Accommodation, Polydomain Structures (Polysynthetic Twins)

a)
M1
AUSTE NITE

M2

b)
M1 M2 M1 M2 M1 M2

D 1 H

c)
M1 M2 M1 M2 M1 M2

D 1 H

Figure 5.5.3

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5.5 Plate Morphology and Accommodation, Polydomain Structures (Polysynthetic Twins)

No twins Austenite

F*

M1
Variant 1 (Domain)

M2
Variant 2 (Domain) M2 T Polytwin Polytwin Structure within the platelets

Platelets within the Austenite

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5.5 Plate Morphology and Accommodation, Polydomain Structures (Polysynthetic Twins)

a1

[001]

c
[010] [100]

The three domains (or orientational variants) of the product martensite phase. Initial cubic austenite phase is shown at the center as a reference.

a2

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5.5 Plate Morphology and Accommodation, Polydomain Structures (Polysynthetic Twins)

(1) [001]

(1,3)

(1,2)

[010]

[100]

(3)

(2) (2,3)

Relaxation of internal stresses via polydomain (polytwin) formation. The domains are related to each other via the invariant plane.

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5.5 Plate Morphology and Accommodation, Polydomain Structures (Polysynthetic Twins)

[001]

[100] [010]

The invariant plane between domains 1 (white) and 2 (gray) is the (110) plane. If the domains are brought together on this plane, they will match each other perfectly resulting in a completely coherent and stressfree interface.

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5.5 Plate Morphology and Accommodation, Polydomain Structures (Polysynthetic Twins)

a
[001]

Corrugations at the interphase interface due to tilting of domains.

[101]

[100]

h
[001]

Tilting of domains due to the tetragonality of the martensite phase. The tetragonality is highly exaggerated.

[100]

D Austenite Austenite Substrate SUBSTRATE

Stress Distribution
Microstresses arise due to the corrugations or the ruggedness of the martensite polytwin and its elastic interaction with the austenite phase at the interphase interfaces.

Structure

h D D

Austenite Substrate Austenite Substrate

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5.5 Plate Morphology and Accommodation, Polydomain Structures (Polysynthetic Twins)

The edge effects as well as the macrostresses can be relieved if the twins of the twins can form. However, this results in a very high interfacial energy contribution and it is not energetically favorable in systems with mobile dislocations.

[001]

[010]

[100]

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5.5 Plate Morphology and Accommodation, Polydomain Structures (Polysynthetic Twins)

a) [001] b) [001]

+
0

E
_

Superelastic effect in SMAs is based on reversible domain wall motion in response to an external applied stress.

Piezoelectric (magnetostrictive) effect in ferroelectric (ferromagnetic) materials is based on reversible domain wall motion in response to an external electric (magnetic) field.

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