Energy

What is it? Simply speaking energy makes things happen. Energy can be changed from one form to another Some forms of energy are Active this means their effects can be seen or detected Active energy examples are: Kinetic Solar energy produced by the sun e.g ultra violet (UV) and infrared (IR) radiation come from the sun Electrical energy Heat Energy Sound energy Can you think of others?

Potential Energy
Potential energy (Ep) is stored energy and only has an effect when released Potential energy examples: Chemical potential released by chemical reactions Elastic potential energy Gravitational potential energy Nuclear energy Can you think of others?

The Conservation of Energy Law states:

That energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only change form.

Energy Transformations
List the energy transformations in the following

An Electric car

US Military - Javelin missile Testing.mpeg

Expt Methods of Heat Transfer

The stations around the room demonstrate these 3 methods of heat transfer In groups of 4 you will workout how to demonstrate one method of heat transfer to your class mates Each class member must go round the room filling in the sheet then glue it in This means there must be at least one person at each station at all times to explain what is going on to your class mates

All station diagrams and explanations must be filled in

Complete Energy transformation Sheet

State the energy transformations for each of the following Julie puts new batteries in her walkman then plays a tape. David rides his mountain bike up a hill Tania winds up her brothers car then lets it go across the floor

The 3 methods of heat transfer are: 1.Conduction heat transfer in solids and liquids 2.Radiation transfer of radiant energy 3.Convection heat movement in liquids and gases

 Starter Write the following question down and discuss it with your neighbour. Describe the forces and motion involved when someone falls from a plane When a person falls from a plane their weight force remains constant. As the person falls faster, the friction force (air resistance) increases. Eventually the air resistance force and weight force become equal and terminal velocity is reached. A parachute is used to increase friction so that the terminal velocity is small enough for the person to land

Methods of Heat Transfer 1.Conduction Conduction is where energy is transferred by the direct contact of particles, not by the movement of the material. Metals are good conductors, so they are used to transfer energy from the stove to the food in pots and pans.

How conduction works

Air is the best insulator, so good insulating products try to trap air and not allow it to move. This minimises conduction.

Air is the best insulator, this is how double glazing, pinkbatts and even curtains help retain the heat in homes during the winter.

Convection Convection is the transfer of heat energy by the movement of particles from one place to another.

Convection Convection can only occur in liquids and gases. When a substance gets hot the warmer particles spread out and rise displacing the denser cooler particles which fall. This forms a convection current.

Example: How convection currents affect us.

How breezes occur over land and sea is a good example of the effect of convection currents. Compared to the land the ocean temperature does not vary greatly between night and day.

Example: How convection currents affect us.

During the night the air over the sea warms and rises as it passes over the cooler land it cools and falls

During the day the land heats up and the air above it rises as it flows over the cooler sea it cools and falls

Radiation
Radiation is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic energy eg infrared or UV radiation. Radiation energy can transfer heat through a vacuum (an empty space with no air particles) since it does not require any medium such as air. Radiant heat energy can be reflected or absorbed. Absorbed radiant heat energy will cause an increase in temperature.

Radiation

Radiant heat energy can be reflected or absorbed. Absorbed radiant heat energy will cause an increase in temperature.

Black bodies absorb radiant energy but also radiate energy well White or silver bodies reflect radiant energy eg silver milk tankers

The Thermos flask

The ultimate insulator is a vacuum. A vacuum is a lack of atoms. A "perfect vacuum" contains zero atoms. It is nearly impossible to create a perfect vacuum on earth, but you can get close. Without atoms you eliminate conduction and convection completely. What you find in a thermos is a glass envelope holding a vacuum. Inside a thermos is glass, and around the glass is a vacuum.

A thermos then goes one step further. The glass is silvered with a thin layer of aluminium (like a mirror) to reduce infrared radiation. The combination of a vacuum and the silvering greatly reduces heat transfer by convection, conduction and radiation.

So why do hot things in a thermos ever cool down?

You can see in the diagram two paths for heat transfer. The big one is the cap. The other one is the glass, which provides a conduction path at the top of the flask where the inner and outer walls meet

Lets have a closer look at how things are kept warm

conduction vacuum The silvered vacuum jacket of a vacuum flask effectively blocks all three types of heat transfer methods. Conduction and convection Depend upon matter for heat transfer and are thus blocked conduction vacuum

convection

convection

Unsilvered wall Silvered wall Radiation is not blocked by a vacuum, but a thin layer of aluminium which effectively blocks the electromagnetic waves