Principles of Management

Motivation Concepts and Applications

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Mind Maps

Theories of Motivation
Need/Content Theories
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Process Theories
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McGregors Theory X&Y Maslows Hierarchy of needs Herzbergs Two Factor theory

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Expectancy Theory Equity Theory Goal Setting Theory

Douglas McGregors Theory X & Y

Theory X Theory Y

What motivates you?

David McClellands Theory of Needs

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nAch

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Her Motivation?

Their Motivation?

Their Motivation?

Their Motivation?

His Motivation?

Maslo ws Hierar chy of Needs

Self Actualization

Esteem Social Safety Physiological

Maslows Hierarchy

ERG Theory (Clayton Alderfer)

Concepts More than one need can be operative at the same time. Core Needs Existence: Provision of basic material requirements. Relatedness: Desire for relationships. Growth: Desire for personal development. If a higher-level need cannot be fulfilled, the desire to satisfy a lower-level need increases.

ERG Theory

Group Activity What drives people to behave?

Give 5 examples of personalities and map them to the

corresponding need/drive

Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory

Dissatisfaction and demotivation Not dissatisfied but not motivated Positive satisfaction and motivation

Hygiene Factors
Company policies Quality of supervision Relations with others Personal life Rate of pay Job security Working conditions

Motivational Factors
Achievement Career advancement Personal growth Job interest Recognition Responsibility

Contrasting Views of Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction

Traditional view
Satisfacti on Dissatisfacti on

Herzberg's view
Satisfacti on No dissatisfaction Motivato rs No satisfaction Dissatisfacti on

Hygiene Factors

Relationship of Various Needs Theories

Maslow
Self -Actualization Esteem Social Safety Existence Physiological Growth Motivators

Alderfer

Herzberg

McClelland
Need for Achievement Need for Power

Relatedness Hygiene Factors Need for Affiliation

Process Theories of Motivation

Expectancy Theory (Victor

Vroom)
Individual Effort

Individual Performance

Organisational Rewards

1. Effort-Performance relationship = Expectancy 2. Performance-Rewards relationship = Instrumentality 3. Rewards-Personal goals relationship = Valence

Personal Goals

Applications of Expectancy Theory

E-P Increase belief that employees can perform successfully P-O Increase belief that good performance will lead to good rewards Valence Raise expected value of O of O Select right people, train Measure performance accurately Distribute rewards that employees value

Critical Thinking
Identify three activities you really enjoy (for example, playing tennis, reading a novel, going shopping). Next, identify three activities you really dislike (for example, visiting the dentist, cleaning the house, following a lowfat diet). Using expectancy theory, analyze each of your answers to assess why some activities stimulate your effort while others dont.

Equity Theory (John Stacy Adams)

Referent Comparisons: Self-inside Self-outside Other-inside Other-outside

Equity Theory (contd)

Cognitive Evaluation Theory

Allocating extrinsic rewards for

behavior that had been previously intrinsically decrease motivation. rewarding the overall tends level to of

Flow Theory

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (Me-hee Chick-sent-mi-hee)

Management by Objectives Participative goal setting, feedback, timebound