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COURSE OUTLINE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AIR POLLUTION WATER POLLUTION SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PALM OIL INDUSTRY CEMENT INDUSTRIES RUBBER INDUSTRIES PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS UTILITIES REQUIREMENT IN PROCESS INDUSTRIES

1.1 INTRODUCTION to POLLUTION

Sustainable Development Environmental Pollution And Ethics

Major industries in Malaysia

1.1 INTRODUCTION to POLLUTION

The importance of a clean and healthy environment

Development vs Environment Infant mortality declining Human life expectancy increasing Adult literacy improving Early education Global food production increases

1.1 INTRODUCTION to POLLUTION Failures of Development:

Forest are destroyed

Burning of fossil fuel causes global warming Raised sea level to flood coastal cities and disrupt national economies Industrial gases deplete the ozone layer Agricultural and industry puts toxic substance into the human food chain and into the underground water tables beyond reach of cleansing

1.1 Environmental Disaster

1.1 Environmental Disaster

POLLUTION

Pollution is defined as undesirable effects on the environment caused by the introduction or addition to air ,water, soil or food that threatens the health, survival or activities of humans or other living organisms. Pollutant is defined as the particular chemical or form of energy that causes such harm. Most pollutants are solid, liquid or gaseous, by products, wastes produced when a resource is extracted, processes, made into products or used. Pollution can also take the form of unwanted energy emissions, such as excessive heat, noise or radiation List down kinds of pollutants

Solid Liquid Gaseous

GENERAL SOURCES OF POLLUTION

Liquid Water pollution - Municipal wastewater - Sewage system - Industrial wastewater Solid Municipal waste Industrial waste Hazardous waste (toxic, radioactive) Air

Industrial operations Transportation vehicles Incineration of rubbish and waste by individuals Natural sources

GENERAL SOURCES OF POLLUTION

There are five broad categories of municipal solid waste (MSW): 1. Biodegradable waste: food and kitchen waste, green waste, paper (can also be recycled). 2. Recyclable material: paper, glass, bottles, cans, metals, certain plastics, etc. 3. Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks, debris. 4. Composite wastes: waste clothing, tetra paks, waste plastics such as toys. 5. Domestic hazardous waste (also called "household hazardous waste") & toxic waste: medication, paints, chemicals, light bulbs, fluorescent tubes,spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.
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GENERAL CAUSES OF POLLUTION

Health of the people at work and surrounding area Damage to machines and buildings Economy of the entire nation

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1.2 Introduction to Sustainable Development

Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but the most frequently quoted definition is from Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report:

Definition: Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs. Sourse iisd.org.com
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1.2 Introduction to Sustainable Development

Scope of SD
The field of sustainable development can be categorized into three constituent parts: Environmental sustainability Economic sustainability Sociopolitical sustainability

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1.2 Introduction to Sustainable Development

Interest in sustainable development has risen gradually over the last 40 years, as has public awareness of the need to identify global solutions to the environmental and social issues we face today World organization which involve in sustainable development: UNESCO WWF

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1.2 Introduction to Sustainable Development

Characteristics of SD:

Sustainable development is a fluid concept that will continue to evolve over time but common characteristics underlie the many streams of thought. Sustainable development emphasizes the need for:

Concern for equity and fairness - ensuring the rights of the poor and of future generations Long-term view - applying the precautionary principle Systems thinking - understanding the interconnections between the environment,

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1.2 Introduction to Sustainable Development

Seven critical actions of SD:

In 1987 the World Commission on Environment and Development recommended seven critical actions needed to ensure a good quality of life for people around the world:

Revive growth Change the quality of growth Meet essential needs and aspirations for jobs, food, energy, water and sanitation Ensure a sustainable level of population Conserve and enhance the resource base Reorient technology and manage risk Include and combine environment and economics considerations in decision-making

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1.2 Introduction to Sustainable Development

Environmental Sustainability

Environmental sustainability is the process of making sure current processes of interaction with the environment are pursued with the idea of keeping the environment as pristine as naturally possible An "unsustainable situation" occurs when natural capital (the sum total of nature's resources) is used up faster than it can be replenished. Sustainability requires that human activity only uses nature's resources at a rate at which they can be replenished naturally. Inherently the concept of sustainable development is intertwined with the concept of carrying capacity. Theoretically, the long-term result of environmental degradation is the inability to sustain human life. Such degradation on a global scale could imply extinction for humanity.
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1.2 Introduction to Sustainable Development

The concept of environmental sustainability:

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Sustainability or Development?

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1.3 Introduction to Ethics

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1.3 Introduction to Ethics

Ethics: A major branch of philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life, the life worth living or life that is simply not satisfying, which is held by many philosophers to be more important than moral conduct[1] Engineering ethics: Is the field of applied ethics which examines and sets standard for engineers obligation to the public, their clients, employers and the profession Engineering does not have a single uniform system or standard of ethical conduct. The ethical approaches are most influenced by whether the engineers are independently providing 21

1.3 Introduction to Ethics

Professional engineers:
-Have obtained some form of license, charter or registration from a government agency or charter-granting authority -They are subject to regulation by these bodies as are other regulated professions -Enjoy significant influence over their regulation. E.g. they are often the author of pertinent codes of ethics used by some of these organizations -In private practice - find themselves in traditional of professional-client relationship

Graduate engineers: -hold a Bachelors degree -Not formally accredited by government agencies -Their professional relationships are much more likely to be employeeemployer relationship

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1.3 Introduction to Ethics

Code of ethics

Professionals engineers, working as engineers in industry are governed by various laws including whistleblowing, product liability laws and often rely on principles of business ethics rather than engineering ethics

General Principle Code of engineering ethics identify a specific precedence with respect to the engineers consideration for the public, clients, employers and the profession

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1.3 Introduction to Ethics

Code of ethics for Chemical Engineers

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1.3 Introduction to Ethics

Whistleblowing

A basic ethical dilemma is that an engineer has the duty to report to the appropriate authority a possible risk to others from a client or employer failing to follow the engineer's directions. According to first principles, this duty overrides the duty to a client and/or employer. An engineer may be disciplined, or have their license revoked, even if the failure to report such a danger does not result in the loss of life or health There are several ethical issues that engineer may face: Quality Ensuring legal compliance Conflict of interest Sustainable Development Treatment of confidential or proprietary information Consideration of the employers assets Relationships with clients, consultants, competitors, and contractors Environmental protection 25

1.3 Introduction to Ethics

Case studies engineering failures

These episodes of engineering failure include ethical as well as technical issues: Space Shuttle Columbia disaster (2003) Space Shuttle Challenger disaster (1986) Chernobyl disaster (1986) Bhopal disaster (1984) Kansas City Hyatt Regency walkway collapse (1981) Love Canal (1980), Lois Gibbs Three Mile Island accident (1979) Citigroup Center (1978), William LeMessurier Ford Pinto safety problems (1970s) Minamata disease (1908-1973) Chevrolet Corvair safety problems (1960s), Ralph Nader, and Unsafe at Any Speed Boston molasses disaster (1919) Quebec Bridge collapse (1907), Theodore Cooper Johnstown Flood (1889), South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club Tay Bridge Disaster (1879), Thomas Bouch, William Henry Barlow, and William Yolland Ashtabula River Railroad Disaster (1876), Amasa Stone Piper Alpha Explosion of North Sea Oil Production Platform (1988) Explosion of Texas City Refinery (BP) (2005)

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