Plant Tissue culture Micropropagation

KOMAL PUROHIT B.Sc Biotech I Year

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Plant Tissue Culture

Micropropagation is the production of whole plants from small sections of plant such as a stem tip, node, meristem, embryo, or even a seed Plant tissue culture is basically the same thing, except that it implies the use of callus tissue generated from plant cells cultured in-vitro.

Plant Tissue Culture

Micropropagation and plant tissue culture are used to produce large numbers of plants from small pieces of the stock plant in relatively short periods of time.

Plant Tissue Culture

Why does micropropagation work? Plant cells have the ability to reproduce the whole plant from single cells. This is called totipotency. Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to express the full genome in the cells to which it gives rise by cell division.

Plant Tissue Culture

Totipotency in reference to fertilized eggs (zygotes) are totipotent because they produce a population of differentiated cells forming an entire organism, whereas for example human skin cells are not totipotent since in culture they divide to produce only more skin cells (not nerve, muscle etc.).

Plant Tissue Culture

Plants have the ability to reproduce asexually It is this natural ability that is the basis of micropropagation

Plant Tissue Culture

Where does the new growth come from in plants?

Meristematic Tissue Parenchyma Tissue Adventitious growth Virtually any plant cell

Plant Tissue Culture

Meristematic tissue - which are undifferentiated cells from shoot and root tips that have not been programmed for their ultimate development Parenchyma cells the most common type of plant cell, which can regenerate and differentiate to initiate the growth of new and varied tissue and organs

Adventitious growth is the development of new shoots, buds, roots, or leaves from atypical or unusual locations

Plant Tissue Culture The genetic basis of micropropagation

There are two types of plant cell divisions which include somatic cells and sex cells Mitosis somatic cells Meiosis sex cells

Plant Tissue Culture

Mitosis every somatic cell is diploid (2n) with 2 sets of chromosomes The chromosomes duplicate and then segregate From this 2 new cells form, each with an identical set of chromosomes to the original cell

Overview of Mitosis The cell cycle in a typical eukaryote (G1SG2M)

(From Hartl and Jones 2002, Essential Genetics 3rd ed.)

Plant Tissue Culture

Meiosis or reduction division, is the process of forming sexually reproductive cells In meiotic division the 2n cell splits in two The chromosomes segregate so that one set goes to each of the new sex cells or gametes which is now haploid or 1n.

Plant Tissue Culture

Why do we do it? To regenerate plants from single cells or plant tissues To cultivate under sterile conditions (=in vitro) To produce large quantities of identical plants To cultivate without the impact of environmental conditions

Plant Tissue Culture

To save species from extinction To isolate disease from plants To produce plants with enhanced stress or pest resistance To create new plant varieties To make money

Plant Tissue Culture

What part of the plant can be used for micropropagation-

Virtually any part of a plant can be used. o Meristems, shoot and root tips, leaf tissue, anthers, embryos, flowers, virtually all parts of a plant can be used.

Plant Tissue Culture

The only limitation is that each plant is propagated differently and not every plant will respond the same way. Each genus, species and variety may require a different tissue which will obtain the best results.

Plant Tissue Culture

Micropropagation has two general forms of plantlet production. o Callus production o Micro cuttings

Plant Tissue Culture

Callus production is the dedifferentiation of a plant cell into callus. Callus is then expanded into a larger mass of undifferentiated cells. Callus is then activated, by selective use of plant hormones to dedifferentiate to produce, shoots, roots and ultimately, plantlets

Plant Tissue Culture

Micro cuttings Small sections of plant tissue are cut from the mother plant Placed into media Grown out or subdivided again to produce more plants

Plant Tissue Culture

The Basics of Micropropagation The Four stages
o o o o

Stage one Explant establishment or initiation Stage two Multiplication Stage three Rooting Stage four Acclimatization or hardening off

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