A FS is a patterned variety of literary text characterized by the greater or lesser typification of its constituents, supra-phrasal units (SPU), in which

the choice and arrangement of interdependent and interwoven language media are calculated to secure the purport of the communication

Each FS is a relatively stable system at the given stage in the development of the literary language but it changes, and sometimes considerably, from one period to another. Therefore functional style of language is a historical category. E. g.:The FS of emotive prose began to function as an independent style after the second half of the 16th century; the newspaper style budded off from the publicistic style; the oratorical style has undergone considerable fundamental changes

 Substyles: 1. 2.

3.

The language of poetry, or simply verse. Emotive prose, or the language of fiction. The language of the drama.

Its first differentiating property is its orderly form, which is based mainly on the rhythmic and phonetic arrangement of the utterances Rhythm and rhyme are immediately distinguishable properties of the poetic substyle The various compositional forms of rhyme and rhythm are generally studied under the terms versification or prosody

The most observable compositional patterns of rhythm making up lassical verse are based on: 1. alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables, 2. equilinearity, that is, an equal number of syllables in the lines, 3. a natural pause at the end of the line, the line being a more or less complete semantic unit, 4. identity of stanza pattern, 5. established patterns of rhyming

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Iambic metre, in which the unstressed syllable is followed by a stressed one. Trochaic metre, where the order is reversed, i.e. a stressed syllable is followed by one unstressed. D t l i m e t r eone stressed syllable is followed by two unstressed . Amphibrachi m e t r e one stressed syllable is framed by two unstressed Anapaestic metretwo unstressed syllables are followed by one stressed

These arrangements of qualitatively different syllables are the units of the metre, the repetition of which makes verse. One unit is called a foot. The number of feet in a line varies: monometer; dimeter trimeter; tetrameter; pentameter; hexameter; septameter; octameter

The stanza is the largest unit in verse. It is composed of a number of lines having a definite measure and rhyming system which is repeated throughout the poem

The heroic coupleta stanza that consists of two iambic pentameters : aa The Spencerian stanza consists of nine lines, the first eight of which are iambic pentameters and the ninth is one foot longer, that is, an iambic hexameter:ababbcbcc Ottava rima is composed of eight iambic pentameters:abababcc. borrowed from Italian poetry and was widely in the 16 century

Ballad stanza is an alternation of iambic tetrameters with iambic dimeters (or trimeters),and the rhyming scheme is abcb Sonnet. This is not a part of a larger unit, it is a complete independent work of a definite literary genre The English sonnet is composed of fourteen iambic pentameters with the following rhyming scheme: ababcdcdefefgg

has the same common features as have been pointed out for the belles-lettres style in general The imagery is not so rich as it is in poetry; the percentage of words with contextual meaning is not so high as in poetry; Combination of the spoken and written varieties of the language, inasmuch as there are always two forms of communication present - monologue (the writer's speech) and dialogue (the speech of the characters).

The language of the writer conforms or is expected to conform to the literary norms of the given period in the development of the English literary language The language of the hero of a novel, or of a story will in the main be chosen in order to characterize the man himself. This language is also subjected to some kind of reshaping The colloquial speech has been made "literature-like."

o o o

Emotive prose allows the use of elements from other styles as well. elements of the newspaper style ( the official style business letters exchanged between two characters in Galsworthy's novel "The Man of Property"); the style of scientific prose But all these styles under the influence of emotive prose undergo a kind of transformation

the language of plays is entirely dialogue. The author's speech is almost entirely excluded except for the playwright's remarks, and stage directions But the language of the characters is in no way the exact reproduction of the norms of colloquial language The stylization of colloquial language is one of the features of plays

 became

discernible as a separate style in the middle of the 18th century. falls into three varieties: 1. Oratory 2. Essays 3. Articles

The general aim of publicistic style is to exert a constant and deep influence on public opinion, to convince the reader or_the listener that the interpretation given by the writer or the speaker is the only correct one to cause him to accept the point of view expressed in the speech, essay or article not only through logical argumentation but through emotional appeal as well.

Due to its characteristic combination of logical argumentation and emotional appeal, publicistic style has features in common with the style of scientific prose, on the one hand, that of emotive prose, on the other Its coherent and logical syntactical structure, with an expanded system of connectives and its careful paragraphing, makes it similar to scientific prose Its emotional appeal is generally achieved by the use of words with emotive meaning, the use of imagery and other stylistic devices as in emotive prose. SDs not genuine

Aim persuasion

Typical features : a) direct address to the audience (ladies and gentlemen, honourable member(s), b) the use of the 2nd person pronoun you, etc.), c) sometimes contractions (I'll, won't, haven't, isn't and others) d) the use of colloquial words

As a separate form dates from the close of the 16th century The essay is a literary composition of moderate length on philosophical, social, aesthetic or literary subjects. It never goes deep into the subject, but merely touches upon the surface An essay is rather a series of personal and witty comments than a finished argument or a conclusive examination of any matter.

1.

2.

3.

4. 5.

brevity of expression, the use of the first person singular, which justifies a personal approach to the problems treated, a rather expanded use of connectives, which facilitate the process of grasping the correlation of ideas, the abundant use of emotive words, the use of similes and sustained metaphors

The character of the magazine as well as the subject chosen affects the choice and use of stylistic devices. Words of emotive meaning, for example, are few, if any, in popular scientific articles The language of political magazine articles differs little from that of newspaper articles , but: Bookish words, neologisms , traditional wordcombinations and parenthesis are more frequent here

 was

the last of all the styles of written literary English to be recognized as a specific form of writing standing apart from other forms (dates from the 17th century)

Conveyed through the medium of: 1. brief news items, 2. press reports (parliamentary, of court proceedings, etc.), 3. articles purely informational in character, 4. advertisements and announcements

English newspaper style may be defined as a system of interrelated lexical, phraseological and grammatical means which is perceived by the community as a separate linguistic unity that serves the purpose of informing and instructing the reader The newspaper also seeks to influence public opinion on political and other matters.

Function: to inform the reader It states facts without giving explicit comments the language of brief items is stylistically neutral vocabulary used in newsaper writing is neutral and common literary

Special political and economic terms, e. g. Socialism, constitution, by-election, General Assembly, gross output, per capital production. Non-term political vocabulary, e. g. public, people, progressive, nation-wide, unity, peace. Newspaper cliches, i. e. stereotyped expressions, commonplace phrases familiar to the reader, e. g. vital issue, pressing problem, informed sources, danger of war, to escalate a war, war hysteria, overwhelming majority, Abbreviations: UNO, NATO, TUC (Trades Union Congress) Neologisms

 Complex

sentences with a developed system of clauses Verbal constructions (infinitive, participial, gerundial) and verbal noun constructions Specific word-order

The principal function - to inform the reader Two types: classified and non-classified (births, marriages, deaths, in memoriam, business offers, personal) The vocabulary of classified ads and announcements is on the whole neutral with a sprinkling of emotionally coloured words or phrases used to attract the reader's attention.

 As

for the non-classified advertisements and announcements, the variety of language form and subject-matter is great
reader's attention is attracted by every possible means: typographical, graphical and stylistic, both lexical and syntactical

The

 The

headline (the title given to a news item or an article) is a dependent form of newspaper writing The main function of the headline is to inform the reader Also the function of instructing the reader. short and catching

 Full

declarative sentences 'Allies Now Look to London' Interrogative sentences 'Do you love war? Nominative sentences 'Gloomy Sunday'

Elliptical sentences a.with an auxiliary verb omitted, e.g. 'Initial report not expected until June!' b. with the subject omitted, e.g. 'Will-win' c.with the subject and part of the predicate omitted, e.g. 'Off to the sun' , 'Still in danger' d. Sentences with articles omitted, e.g. 'Blaze kills 15 at Party e.Phrases with verbalsinfinitive, participial and gerundial, e.g. 'To get US aid' (Morning Star), 'Keeping Prices Down' (The Times),

The function -to influence the reader by giving an interpretation of certain facts. Editorials comment on the political and other events of the day. Their purpose is to give the editor's opinion and interpretation of the news published and suggest to the reader that it is the correct one. appeal not only to the reader's mind but to his feelings as well. use of emotionally coloured language elements, both 1xical and structural

LOCAL BLOODSUCKERS Local Government was once duty. But looming for ratepayers this spring are rate increases of an average of 25 per cent. Outside London and above 60 per cent. within it. These follow last year's stratospheric increases. Alas, if rapacious demands of this kind can emerge from them, what goes on in Britain's town halls cannot be so tedious. Chaotic, frightening, scandalous, yes; dull, no. ... (The Daily Telegraph)

Aim : to prove a hypothesis, to create new concepts, to disclose the internal laws of existence, development, relations between different phenomena The language means: tend to be objective, precise, unemotional, devoid ofany individuality; striving for the most generalized form of expression

Lgial sequence of utterances with clear

indication of their interrelations and interdependence the use of terms specific to each given branch of science

sentence-patterns:postulatory, argumentative and formulative the use of qutatins and references use of footnotes impersonality

 emotiveness

is not entirely or categorically excluded from scientific prose. There may be hypotheses, pronouncements and conclusions which, being backed up by strong belief, therefore call for the use of some emotionally coloured words

 represented

by the following substyles or variants: 1) the language of business documents, 2) the language of legal documents, 3) that of diplomacy, 4) that of military documents

The main aim of this type of communication is to state the conditions binding two parties in an undertaking: o the state and the citizen, o citizen and citizen; o a society and its members o two or more enterprises or bodies (business correspondence or contracts); o two or more governments (pacts, treaties);

a special system of cliches, terms and set expressions by which each substyle can easily be recognized: I beg to inform you, I beg to move, the above-mentioned, hereinafter named, on behalf of, private advisory, Dear Sir, We remain, your obedient servants.

extra revenue, taxable capacities, liability to profit tax.(finance)

high contracting parties, to ratify an agreement, memorandum, pact, extra-territorial status, plenipotentiary (diplomacy)

the use of abbreviations, conventional symbols and contractions, for example: M. P. (Member of Parliament), Gvt (government), H.M.S. (His Majesty's Steamship), $ (dollar), Ltd (Limited) the use of words in their logical dictionary meaning Words with emotive meaning are not to be found in the style of official documents

most noticeable of all syntactical features are the compositional patterns of the variants of this style Almost every official document has its own compositional design. Pacts and statutes, orders and minutes, notes and memorandaall have more or less definite forms Specific use of tenses and syntactical structures