Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

Fifth edition Seeley, Stephens and Tate

Chapter 8: Nervous System

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Slide 2.1

The Reflex Arc

Reflex rapid, involuntary responses to stimuli Reflex arc One kind of conduction pathway

Figure 7.11a
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Slide 7.23

The Reflex Arc

Reflex Arc components: Usually five (5), may be fewer
Receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

Figure 7.11a
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Slide 7.23

The Reflex Arc

Reflex arc from receptor to interneuron, to effector Impulse may not go to brain before reflex occurs

Figure 7.11a
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Slide 7.23

Simple Reflex Arcs

Figure 7.11b, c

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Slide 7.24

Types of Reflexes and Regulation

Involuntary (Autonomic) reflexes: Smooth muscle regulation Heart and blood pressure regulation Regulation of glands (secretion) Digestive system regulation

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Slide 7.25

Types of Reflexes and Regulation

Somatic reflexes Activation of skeletal muscles Involuntary movement of a voluntary muscle

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Slide 7.25

The Meninges
The meninges are layers of tissue that separate the skull and the brain.

Skull
Dura mater

Arachnoid Layer
Pia Mater Brain

External Brain Structures

The Cerebrum
The largest portion of the brain is the cerebrum. It consists of two hemispheres that are connected together at the corpus callosum. The cerebrum is often divided into five lobes that are responsible for different brain functions.

Corpus callosum

Lobes of the Cerebrum

Frontal Lobe

Parietal Lobe

Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe

Central Nervous System (CNS)

CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube Two components: Brain Spinal Cord

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Slide 7.26

Lobes of the Cerebrum, median view

Figure 7.15a
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Slide 7.29b

Specialized Functions of Lobes

Frontal Lobes: Voluntary movement Concentration Planning Problem-solving Judging consequences of behavior Brocas area: speech output
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Slide 7.32a

Specialized Functions of Lobes

Parietal Lobes:
Sensations from skin: pressure, temperature, touch,pain Speech: use, understanding
Input of language Interpretation
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Slide 7.32a

Specialized Functions of Lobes

Temporal Lobes: Interpretation of sound Hearing Interpretation of smell
Direct input from olfactory nerves Limbic system
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Slide 7.32a

Specialized Functions of Lobes

Occipital Lobes:
Vision

Combining vision with other senses

Recognition of objects, individuals

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Slide 7.32a

Specialized Functions of Lobes

Insula:
fifth lobe

Hidden in lateral fissure

Monitors internal organs, i.e., heart

Responsible for aversions

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Slide 7.32a

Specialized Area of the Cerebrum

Figure 7.13c
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Slide 7.32c

Layers of the Cerebrum

Gray matter
Outer layer Composed of neuron cell bodies

Figure 7.13a
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Slide 7.33a

Layers of the Cerebrum

White matter
Fiber tracts deep to gray matter myelinated

Example: corpus callosum

Figure 7.13a
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Slide 7.33b

Layers of the Cerebrum

Basal nuclei internal islands of gray matter
Buried in white matter of hemispheres Assist with posture, balance, location of sound

Figure 7.13a
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Slide 7.33c

Diencephalon
Sits above brain stem
Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres Made of three parts
Thalamus Hypothalamus

Epithalamus (with pineal body)

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Slide 7.34a

Regions of the Brain

Diencephalon
di = through or throughout
Figure 7.12

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Slide 7.27

Diencephalon

Figure 7.15
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Slide 7.34b

Thalamus
Surrounds the third ventricle The relay station for sensory impulses Exception: sense of smell Transfers impulses to the the cortex for interpretation

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Slide 7.35

Regions of the Brain

Thalamus

Figure 7.12

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Slide 7.27

Hypothalamus
Under the thalamus

Important autonomic nervous system center

Helps regulate body temperature Controls water balance Regulates metabolism

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Slide 7.36a

Regions of the Brain

Hypothalamus

Figure 7.12

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Slide 7.27

Hypothalamus
An important part of the limbic system (emotions)
The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus
Hypothalamus produces hormone releasing factors
Control anterior pituitary gland

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Slide 7.36b

Epithalamus

Forms the roof of the third ventricle Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland) Includes the choroid plexus forms cerebrospinal fluid

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Slide 7.37

Brain Stem
Attaches brain to the spinal cord

Parts of the brain stem

Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

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Slide 7.38a

Brain Stem

Figure 7.15a
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Slide 7.38b

Midbrain
Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers (myelinated) Has four rounded protrusions: corpora quadrigemina
Reflex centers for vision and hearing

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Slide 7.39

Pons
Pons means bridge
The bulging center part of the brain stem Mostly composed of fiber tracts Includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing
Slide 7.40

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Medulla Oblongata
The most inferior part of the brain stem Attaches to the spinal cord Houses control centers
Heart rate control Blood pressure regulation Breathing Swallowing Vomiting
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Slide 7.41

Regions of the Brainstem

Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata
Figure 7.12

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Slide 7.27