WCDMA Handover Principal and Analysis

ISSUE 1.0

Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved

 Why

mobile handover?

systems

need

UE mobility The mobile system is composed of cells which the coverage ability is limited. Provide continuous service in mobile system is the basic element in QoS.

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Objective

Upon completion this course, you will be able to understand:

The basic definitions of Handover The algorithms decision The handover flow The parameters of handover of handover

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Handover

Chapter 2 Handover Measurement

Chapter 3 Basic Handovers

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The Purpose of Handover

Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the basic element in QoS. The load balance: sharing the resource

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The Basic Concepts of Handover

Active Set Monitored Set Detected set Event reporting Event reporting to Periodic reporting Periodic reporting Radio Link (RL) Radio Link Set (RLS) Combination way: maximum ratio combination selection combination The soft handover gain CPICH Soft handover, softer handover, hard handover

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Types of Handover

According to the signaling characters:

Soft handover (softer handover) Hard handover

According to the properties of source cell and target cell

Intra-frequency handover Inter-frequency handover Inter-mode handover (FDD <-> TDD) Inter-system handover (UMTS <-> GSM/CDMA2000)

According to the purpose of handover

Based on Coverage Based on Load (Optional) Based on mobility of UE (Optional) Based on Service (Optional)

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The Characters of Different Handovers

Comparison between soft handover and hard handover: Item The numbers of RL in active set after handover Interruption during handover The frequencies of cells Soft Handover Several No Hard Handover One Yes

Only possible in Occurs in Intra-frequency Intra-frequency cells or Inter-frequency cells cells

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The Characters of Different Handovers

Comparison between soft handover and softer handover:

During softer handover, the uplink signaling are combined in NodeB by maximum ratio combination, but during soft handover they are combined in RNC by selection combination. Compare to later one, the maximum ratio combination give more gain. So the performance of maximum ratio combination is better. Since softer handover is completed in NodeB, it does not consume a lot of transport resource of Iub.

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Soft Handover

RNC

NodeB 1

NodeB 2

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Softer Handover

RNC

NodeB

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Hard Handover

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Three Steps of Handover

Measurement
Measurement control Measurement execution and the result processing The measurement report Mainly accomplished by UE

Measurement

Decision

Decision
Based on Measurement The application and distribution of resource Mainly accomplished by RRM in RNC

Execute

Execution
The process of signaling Support the failure drawback Measurement control refresh

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Questions

The differences among Soft handover, softer handover and hard handover Typical application scenarios

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Summary

This chapter focus on the purpose of handovers and the categories of handover in WCDMA.

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Handover

Chapter 2 Handover Measurement

Chapter 3 Basic Handovers

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Chapter 2 Handover Measurement

Section 1 Measurement control and measurement report Section 2 Basic definitions of measurement Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement event Section 4 Inter-frequency and inter-system measurement event Section 5 UE internal measurement

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Measurement Control and Measurement Report

Measurement Control

UE MEASUREMENT CONTROL

UTRAN

Measurement Control, normal case

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Measurement Control and Measurement Report

Measurement report
UE MEASUREMENT REPORT UTRAN

Measurement report, normal case

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Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover

Section 1 Measurement control and measurement report Section 2 Basic concepts of measurement Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement event Section 4 Inter-frequency and inter-system measurement event Section 5 UE Internal Measurement

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Basic Concepts of Measurement

Measurement values of Handover Intra-frequency and inter-frequency:

CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/No, Path loss

Inter-frequency
CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/No

Inter-system
GSM Carrier RSSI, BSIC Identification, BSIC Reconfirmation

Reporting methods of measurement

Periodic reporting Event reporting

The events of reporting

Intra-frequency events 1A,1B,1C,1D,1E,1F Inter-frequency events 2D,2F,2B,2C Inter-system events 3A,3C Others 6G,6F

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Measurement Model

parameters

parameters

Layer filtering

Layer filtering

C C'

Evaluation of reporting criteria

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Reporting Criteria
Reporting

Criteria Decision formula: For example, 1A event :

1.Path Loss
LogM
New

NA W Log M i i =

+ ( W ) LogM

Best

+ (R H / ), a

2.Other measurement
LogM
New

NA W Log M i i =

+ ( W ) LogM

Best

(R H / ), a

Relative threshold, Absolute threshold, Hysteresis, threshold Time to Trigger

Mnew Mi NA Mbest W R H1a : measurement result of cell entering reporting range : measurement result of cells in active set : number of cells in active set : measurement result of best cell in active set : weight factor : Reporting range : hysteresis value of 1A event 23

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Key Parameters

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Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover

Section 1 Measurement control and measurement report Section 2 Basic definitions of measurement Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement events Section 4 Inter-frequency and inter-system measurement events Section 5 UE Internal Measurement

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Intra-frequency Measurement Events

Intra-frequency measurement events are identified with 1x :

1A

: A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range. If active set of UE is full, UE stops reporting 1A event; : A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range; : The primary pilot channel in a non active set is better than the primary pilot channel in an active set; : The best cell changes;
: The measurement value of a primary pilot channel exceeds the absolute threshold : The measurement value of a primary pilot channel is lower than the absolute threshold

1B 1C 1D
1E 1F

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Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover

Section 1 Measurement control and measurement report Section 2 Basic definitions of measurement Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement events Section 4 Inter-frequency and inter-system measurement events Section 5 UE Internal Measurement
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Inter-frequency Measurement Events

Inter-frequency measurement events are identified with 2x:

2A 2B

: The best frequency changes : The quality of the current cell frequency is lower than a certain threshold, but that of the non-used frequency is higher than a certain threshold : The estimated quality of the non-used frequency is higher than a certain threshold : The estimated quality of the used frequency is lower than a certain threshold : The estimated quality of the non-used frequency is lower than a certain threshold : The estimated quality of the used frequency is higher than a certain threshold

2C 2D 2E 2F

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Inter-system Measurement Events

Inter-system measurement events are identified with 3x:

3A: The estimated quality value of the used UTRAN frequency is lower than a certain threshold, and that of the other system is higher than a certain threshold; 3B: The estimated quality value of the other system is lower than a certain threshold ; 3C: The estimated quality value of the other system is higher than a certain threshold ; 3D: The best cell in the other system changes

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Chapter 2 Measurement of Handover

Section 1 Measurement control and measurement report Section 2 The basic definitions of measurement Section 3 Intra-frequency measurement events Section 4 Inter-frequency and inter-system measurement events Section 5 UE Internal Measurement

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UE Internal Measurement
UE Internal measurement events are identified with 6x :

6G

: The time difference between downlink receiving and uplink transmission of the UE is smaller than an absolute threshold; : The time difference between downlink receiving and uplink transmission of the UE is bigger than an absolute threshold;

6F

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Questions

How many events are there in intra-frequency measurement? What are they? How many events are there in UE internal measurement? How many events are there in inter-frequency measurement? What are they?

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Summary

This chapter covers intra-frequency measurement, interfrequency measurement, inter-system measurement and UE internal measurement from their definitions and application scenarios.

Summary

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Handover

Chapter 2 Handover Measurement

Chapter 3 Basic Handovers

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Chapter 3 Basic Handovers Section 1 Soft Handover Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover Section 5 Compressed Mode

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Introduction of Soft Handover

Soft Handover Features

UE has several RLs with different cells----active set. The handover among different cells which are in same RLS is softer handover.

Soft handover Combination: Selection combination in uplink Maximum combination in downlink Softer handover Combination: Maximum combination in uplink and downlink

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Introduction of Soft Handover

Advantages

Soft handover gain: Multi-Cell gain: Multiple unrelated radio links can reduces the required fading margin. Macro Diversity Combining gain: Gain for the link demodulation of the soft handover:

Load balance: Different cells receive the signal from a UE in uplink, which can decrease the transmission power of UE. Similarly, UE receive signal from different cells, which also can decrease the required transmission power of base station. Decrease the possibility of call drop caused by ping-pong handover.

Disadvantages

More resource needed in downlink, especially for the code resource of BE service.

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Measurement of Soft Handover

The measurement of soft/softer handover

Measurement value CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/No, Pathloss Process of Measurement Layer 1 filter, Layer 2 filter Reporting way

Periodic reporting Event reporting Event type 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1F Reporting rules: Trigger condition, Relative threshold (or Absolute threshold), Hysteresis, Time_to_Trigger Event reporting to periodic reporting

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The Events of Soft Handover Measurement

Soft/softer handover measurement events

Intra-frequency events reporting: 1A : A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range. If active set of UE is full, UE stops reporting 1A event; 1B : A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range; 1C : The primary pilot channel in a non active set is better than the primary pilot channel in an active set; 1D : The best cell changes;

1E : The measurement value of a primary pilot channel exceeds the absolute threshold 1F : The measurement value of a primary pilot channel is lower than the absolute threshold

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Decision Algorithm of Soft Handover

Soft/softer handover decision

1A 1B 1C 1D

: Add RL into active set : Delete RL from active set : Replace cell : Change best cell

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Execution of Soft Handover

Soft handover execution

The principal of measurement control Configure the neighbor cells and the parameters according to best cell RLC mode UM mode is used for measurement control AM mode is used for measurement reporting The compensation and restriction of soft handover From event reporting to periodic reporting Parameters Periodic reporting time interval Number for reporting times

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Soft Handover Flow (Add RL)

The execution of soft handover (Add RL)

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Soft Handover Flow (Del RL)

The execution of soft handover (Del RL)

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Key Parameters To Optimize

Relative threshold
Set 1A, 1B value separately 1A < 1B which makes deleting RL is more difficult, and it can avoid ping-pong handover Usually 1A: 3dB; 1B: 6dB

Time to trigger
Each event can be set separately Usually, 1B>1A which makes deleting RL is more difficult, and it can avoid ping-pong handover Usually, 1A: 320ms, 1B: 640ms

Layer 3 filter coefficient

Only one value for all intra-frequency measurement Sensitive to the delay of event trigger and ping-pong handover Usually 3

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Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers Section 1 Soft Handover Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover Section 5 Compressed Mode

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Characteristic of Intra-frequency Hard Handover

Characteristic
UE has one RL with one cell in the process of handover Disconnect UE from the original cell, then hand it over to target cell The working frequency of source cell and target cell are same

Advantages

Enhance the efficiency of the OVSF code and hardware resource

Disadvantages

High call drop possibility because of the intra-frequency interference

Application scenarios

No Iur interface between two RNCs or the Iur interface congested (only happened in inter-RNC handover). Handover of BE services that exceeds threshold rate.

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Measurement, Decision and Execution of Intrafrequency Hard Handover

Measurement

Similar to soft handover

Decision

1D event

Execution

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Intra-frequency Hard Handover Flow

Intra-frequency hard handover flow

UE Target NODEB Source NODEB
.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE .

SRNC

.ALCAP establish
PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION . RADIO LINK . FAILURE INDICATION PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE . RADIO LINK . DELETION REQUEST RADIO LINK . DELETION RESPONSE

.ALCAP release

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Key Parameters

Handover decision threshold based on BE rate

UE should do soft handover when the rate of BE service is less than the threshold. UE should do intra-frequency hard handover when the rate of BE service is greater than the threshold.

The parameters about 1D event:

Time to trigger Hysteresis The parameters should be set accord with the Qos

MML Command: SET HOCOMM

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Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers Section 1 Soft Handover Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover Section 5 Compressed Mode

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Introduction of Inter-frequency Hard Handover

Characteristic
The working frequency is different after handover The compressed mode needed if the UE only has one receiver

Advantages
Compare to intra-frequency hard handover, the success possibility is higher To balance the load among cells of different frequencies

Disadvantages
Compressed mode results in extra radio resource occupied The timing re-initiation hard handover increase the time of handover and the risk of call drop

Application scenarios
Disconnected coverage Handover based on load

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Inter-frequency Hard Handover Measurement Values and Events

Inter-frequency hard handover measurement values

Measurement values: CPICH RSCP, CPICH Ec/No Different handover purpose for different measurement type: At the edge of carrier coverage: CPICH RSCP At the center of carrier coverage: CPICH Ec/No

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Measurement Values and Events of Inter-frequency Hard Handover

Measurement reporting Periodic reporting Event reporting

2A: The best frequency changes; 2B: The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than a certain threshold, and that of the non-used frequency is higher than a certain threshold; 2C: The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is higher than a certain threshold; 2D: The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than a certain threshold 2E:The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is lower than a certain threshold 2F:The estimated quality value of the used frequency is higher than a certain threshold

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Compressed Mode Initiation in Inter-frequency Hard Handover

Conditions to initiate Compressed Mode (CM) measurement

2D event
Used to enable the compressed mode to perform interfrequency measurement.

Conditions to stop measurement

2F event
Used to stop compressed mode. When used frequency quality exceeds the threshold.

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Inter-frequency Hard Handover Decision Algorithm

The inter-frequency hard handover decision

Coverage trigger handover 2B event the quality of current serving cell is lower than absolute threshold, but the quality in other cell is higher than another absolute threshold. Both cells are of different frequency Load triggers handover 2C event the quality of another frequency is higher than an absolute threshold

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Execution of Inter-frequency Hard Handover

Execution of Inter-frequency hard handover

UE report the timing information UE with two receivers does not need compressed mode. Synchronization hard handover Using the original DOFF UE does not report timing information UE with a single receiver has to initiate compressed mode If the NodeB of target cell is different from the cells in active set :
Timing re-initiation hard handover Re-configure DOFF

If the NodeB of target cell is the same which the cells in active set:
Calculate the target cell timing relationship Synchronization hard handover Using the original DOFF

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Inter-frequency Hard Handover Flow

Signaling flow
UE Target NodeB Source NodeB
1.RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST 2. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE

SRNC

3.ALCAP established
4. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION 5. RADIO LINK FAILURE INDICATION 6. PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE 7. RADIO LINK DELETION REQUEST 8. RADIO LINK DELETION RESPONSE

9.ALCAP released

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Key Parameters (I)

Inter-frequency coverage handover parameters:

Inter-frequency measurement reporting: periodic reporting or event reporting Inter-frequency measurement values: CPICH Ec/No or CPICH RSCP Inter-frequency measurement layer 3 filter coefficient, delay trigger time and hysteresis Inter-frequency initiated and stopped threshold: Considering the different demands of CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP for PS domain and CS domain, the different 2D and 2F parameters are configured. Inter-frequency handover based on coverage: the quality threshold of target cell Using frequency quality threshold in inter-frequency hard handover The minimum access threshold for inter-frequency handover

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Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers Section 1 Soft Handover Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover Section 5 Compressed Mode

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Introduction of Inter-system Hard Handover

Application scenarios
WCDMA FDD < >GSM WCDMA FDD < >WCDMA TDD WCDMA FDD < >CDMA2000

Characteristic
Different radio access technology is used after handover Usually, compressed mode should be used to help the measurement

Advantages
For coverage, it can solve the problems from one system to another system For capacity, it can enhance the utilization efficiency of old equipments(2G->3G)

Disadvantages
The flow is complicated, and it demands higher compatibility for equipments Demands more complicated UE

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Measurement for Inter-system Compressed Mode Initiated

The inter-system measurement (GSM measurement) Measurement type: GSM Carrier RSSI BSIC Identification BSIC Reconfirmation

Measurement reporting Event reporting 2D Event: initiate GSM measurement 2F Event: stop GSM measurement

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Inter-system Hard Handover Decision Algorithm

The inter-system hard handover decision

Inter-system handover due to coverage issue Event reporting: 3A event

The estimated quality value of UTRAN frequency is lower than a certain threshold, and that of the other system is higher than a certain threshold

Periodic reporting:
Evaluation According to periodic report GSM RSSI measurement value and the BSIC confirming state of target cell of GSM system, and UE evaluates GSM RSSI of target cell is greater than the absolute threshold, then consider the cell.

Inter-system handover not because of coverage issue Event reporting 3C event: event
The estimated quality value of the other system is higher than an absolute threshold.
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Inter-system Handover Flow

The execution of inter-system handover

U E
Node B SRNC Relocation . Required CN Prepare . Handover MSC BSC

Handover . Request Handover . Request A ck

DCCH : Handover . from UTRA Command N

Relocation . Command

Prepare . Handover Response

Handover . Detect Handover Complete . . Handover Complete

. Iu Release Command . Iu Release Complete

. Send End Signal Request . Send End Signal Response

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Key Parameters (I)

Parameters for Inter-system handover

Inter-system measurement initiated and stopped threshold: threshold Considering different demands of CPICH Ec/No and CPICH RSCP for PS domain and CS domain, the different 2D and 2F parameters are configured Inter-system measurement values (2D, 2F) CPICH Ec/No CPICH RSCP Configure the GSM RSSI threshold of CS domain and PS domain separately Using inter-system frequency quality handover threshold Trigger time delay, Hysteresis for each event

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Chapter 3 The Basic Handovers Section 1 Soft Handover Section 2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover Section 3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover Section 4 Inter-system Hard Handover Section 5 Compressed Mode

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Purpose of Compressed mode

Purpose

Measure the inter-frequency cell or inter-system cell under FDD mode

Cause:

Since one receiver only can work in one frequency, the UE has to stop working in current frequency if it is going to measure the signal from another frequency cell. To ensure the downlink service unaffected, the remained data should be sent in the limited time.

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Compressed Mode Sketch Map

O ne fra m e ( s) m T rans m iss io n gap availab le fo r

in ter-freq uenc y m eas urem ents

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Realization Methods of Compressed mode

CM Methods

Reduce SF by half This double the data rate. But since amount of data not changed, it halves the time in which it is sent, open up a gap. Advantage: easy to handle for RNC Disadvantage: occupied the resource of NodeB, decrease the utilizing efficiency of OVSF Puncturing Decrease the coding redundancy Advantage: easy to handle for RNC; Disadvantage: limited to the property of channel coding; decreased the coding gain Higher layer scheduling Higher layer permit only some transport format to be used in CM, to generate gap. Appropriate for variable-rate service. Complicated method

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Questions

What are the differences between soft handover and softer handover? What is compressed mode? Draw out the hard handover signaling flow.

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Summary

This chapter focus on the basic handovers in WCDMA: soft handover, softer handover, intra-frequency hard handover, interfrequency hard handover and inter-system hard handover. It also introduced the application scenarios for these different handovers Meanwhile, compressed mode is introduced in this chapter

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Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved