Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
May 2006
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Introduction
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Main Goals
Overview of wireless sensor networks.
What
research.
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Topics
Introduction.
Applications.
E2E protocols. Routing and data
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Introduction
What are wireless sensor networks?
Unique characteristics/challenges.
Basic concepts and terminology.
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Sensors Storage
Processor Radio
P O W E R
Low-power processor. Limited processing. Memory. Limited storage. Radio. Low-power. Low data rate. Limited range.
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Why Now?
Use of networked sensors dates back to
the 1970s.
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Network these devices so that they can execute more complex task.
Images from UCLA CENS
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PC-104+ (off-the-shelf)
UCLA TAG (Girod)
Berkeley Mote
Commercially available.
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Design Challenges
Why are WSNs challenging/unique from a research point of view?
Typically, severely energy constrained. Limited energy sources (e.g., batteries). Trade-off between performance and lifetime.
Self-organizing and self-healing. Remote deployments. Scalable. Arbitrarily large number of nodes.
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WSN Applications
Monitoring. Scientific, ecological applications.
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CARNIVORE.
Meerkats. Yellowstone.
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SEA-LABS
Joint work with:
Don
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Mission Statement
SEA-LABS strives to engineer a real-time, low-cost, low-power consumption environmental monitoring system for use in shallow-water reef habitats. Our goal is to measure several important physical and chemical variables for use in laboratory experiments studying the growth and calcification of corals and coralline algae.
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Architecture
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Implementation
P. O. D.
Board size: 3.0 x 1.5 One antenna for both transmit
and receive Transmit & receive data packets from base station
B u o y
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Current Status
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CARNIVORE
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CARNIVORES
Joint work with:
Terrie
Williams (Professor, Biology) Dan Costa (Professor, Biology) Roberto Manduchi (Professor, CE) Vladi Petkov (PhD student, CE) Cyrus Bazeghi (PhD student, CE) Matt Ruttinshauser (MS student, CE and Biology)
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Motivation
Need to investigate in more detail the
behavior of predators.
Several questions can be answered Can coyotes assimilate food and run simultaneously Do coyotes conserve their energy when hunting to prolong the hunting duration What are the human impacts on coyotes with respect to the two points above
Monitoring their location More importantly, monitoring their activity patterns to draw up in depth energy budgets (activities such as walking, trotting, galloping and eating will be identified)
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Off the PackageSQ Sensor Lassen Trimbleshelf, high capacity, lithium GPS module Made up of two batteries providing Low power: main board boards, the current approximately underneath and the consumption including 3000mA hours at 3V sister-board on top. antenna is 40.3mA input. Not mounted on board Details on next slide. for more freedom of placement 1-27
Top side
Bottom side
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Top side
Bottom side
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correlations between behavior and acceleration Next 4 slides show freeze frames of Pippin running at different speeds with acceleration graphs overlaid Different gaits (walk, trot, gallop) clearly affect acceleration graphs Higher speeds also identifiable by higher amplitudes of acceleration Z-axis is the up down axis, and the one used for the brief annotations on the graphs
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power versatile. ZigBee radio was designed for sensor applications with low power in mind and will not be on at all times. GPS module will be turned on only long enough to acquire a fix and off interval will be large compared to fix-acquisitioninterval. SD card consumes significant power only during read/write operations which happen very quickly and as infrequently as possible. Virtually all system functions are duty cycled allowing peripherals to remain on only as long as they are needed.
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proximity to ensure timely transmission to tower (messenger coyotes). In absence of intelligent routing, all data is copied to all collars. Better routing decision methods based on metrics appropriate to this system are being explored.
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Future Work
Data analysis algorithm(s) to extract
behavior information from raw acceleration data. More efficient routing algorithm. Detailed system power consumption analysis. Trial runs in controlled environment.
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What is Meerkats?
A small southern Africa mongoose.
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range.
BUT:
Consume more power. Need more processing and storage.
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Meerkats: Goal
Maximize performance as well as network
lifetime.
of low-power platforms.
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Resource Management
Bit rate Delay
Activation rate Processing type Duty cycle design Abstraction level Synchronization
System parameters
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Meerkats hardware
Stargate boards:
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Custom 2-cell Li-Ion 7.4 Volt, 1 Ah battery: Connected to daughter board. DC-DC regulator to 5 Volts.
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Meerkats Node
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Networking
MAC: IEEE 802.11b.
al.].
Source routing: data packets carry route information. Useful for future QoS control. Plan is to extend DSR to perform alternate path routing for QoS requirements.
UDP and TCP at the transport layer. UDP used to send out alarms. TCP used to send out images.
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Node Operation
Duty cycle based.
Nodes
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Event Detection
Goal:
Capture
and transmit at least one image of any moving body in any cameras field of view.
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Foreground Detection
Background subtraction
Build
background
new image
foreground
subimage to be transmitteed
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the systems lifetime. I.e., how long a node will last if engaged in specific activities?
Representative elementary tasks and
duty cucles.
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MASTER
SLAVE MASTER
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Whats next?
Performance analysis.
Miss
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Whats next?
Ongoing work on energy consumption
prediction. Question:
Given our energy consumption characterization, can we predict amount of energy left at a future point in time based on past activity?
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1. SLEEP
2. LISTEN
3. TAKE PICTURE
5. PROCESS PICTURE
4. COMPRESS/ TRANSMIT
Yellowstone Project
Senior design project.
in Yellowstone National Park. Scientists want to observe temperature variations spatially and temporally. Detect relevant events.
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Design Considerations
Low power.
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System Architecture
Multi-tier network.
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Current Status
System under implementation.
Semi-functional working prototype. Sensing, processing, sending and receiving data. Still working on the wireless communications capabilities.
Demonstration scheduled for final project
presentations in the beginning of June. Real deployment scheduled for Summer 2006.
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