AN ASSIGNMENT ON COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN BUSINESS

FOR AN ACADEMIC YEAR ---- 2011-2012

PRESENTED BY :

ANKUSH KUMAR SINGH B.COM(Prog.) Final Year Roll No. : 281 Category : B
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CONTENTS
v COMPUTER

SYSTEMS

HARDWARE SOFTWARE

v SYSTEM

AND APPLICATION SOFTWARE v OPERATING SYSTEM v COMPILER v INTERPRETER v ASSEMBLER

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COMPUTER SYTEMS

Computer is an electronic device that stores , retrieves , and process data ,and can be programmed with instructions. System has two main

Computer

features:
HARDWARE SOFTWARE
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HARDWARE
The

component or devices that are

connected to a computer are collectively known as

HARDWARE.

Hardware There

can be internal or external.

are hardware devices

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associated with each of FIVE

Hardware devices as per their operations :

INPUT

OUTPUT

STORAGE

COMMUNICATION

Keyboard

Hard Drive Floppy Disk CD/DVD Disc Pen Drive

Monitor

Modem Network/Adapter

Mouse Microphone Scanner Digital Camera Joystick Touch Pad

Printer

Speakers

PROCESSING

Headphones Data Projector

Flash Memory Card reader

CPU

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SOFTWARE
A set of instructions is called program. A set of program for a specific need is called SOFTWARE. It is the program that user needed to make perform their intended job. Software are of three types:

Application Software System software General Purpose Software.

Examples

of Software:
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Windows XP, MS-WORD,Tally,JAVA etc.

Relationship between Hardware and Software

Hardware

and Software are complementary to each other. Hardware is idle without a software and software cannot be utilized without a supporting hardware. For example to watch a video file, we have to play the file in Media Player(software) & to watch it we have to use Monitor(hardware).
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Relationship between Hardware, Software & User

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Distinction between HARDWARE and SOFTWARE

HARDWARE

SOFTWARE

Physical components are called Hardware Independent of Software It is bulky and requires more storage area Input devices, processing unit, Output devices and auxiliary storage devices are called hardware. Hardware can be assembled/respective country branded or of MNC brand

Collection of programs designed for specific need is Software Software cannot be developed used without hardware. Can be copied in CD/DVD, which is lightweight and transportable. Operating System, MS-Word, Tally are called software. Software can be licensed or

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SYSTEM SOFTWARE
System

software

Controls operations of computer hardware. Supports application programs problem-solving capabilities. Act as intermediary between computer hardware and application program. Provides interface between user and computer.

Types

of systems software

Operating systems Utility programs Middleware

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APPLICATION SOFTWARE
A set of one or more programs design to do a specific task or application like: Word processing; Numerical analysis and storage; Recording of data; Designing and graphics; Image processing; Presentations; Desk top publishing; Web design. Interact with systems software; systems software then directs computer hardware to perform the necessary tasks.

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General Purpose Application Software

Pre-written

software that are designed for a variety of applications and uses. Such as Excel,Word,Visual Foxpro, etc. Not linked to specific business tasks but support the framework for a number of personal, business and scientific application. Drawback is that the software may not be exactly the same as per the requirement of the organization.
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Tailor Made Software

Software

that is specially written for an application for a particular client An expensive but a perfect solution to a requirement when there is no suitable package available. Often a one off piece of software written for a large organisation as a perfect match to their needs. Example : dBase, LOTUS 1-2-3
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Relationship between Application & System Software

Application

software are dependent on system software. Operating system acts as an interface between user and the computer hardware, while application software performs only specific task. Application software are controlled by system software. The distinction between the two is that, without system software, the computer will not run and without application software the computer will not be helpful in meeting user requirement

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INPUT

OUTPU T

Relationship between Application & System Software

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An introduction to Operating Systems

OPERATING SYSTEM
Set

of programs that controls the computer hardware and acts as an interface with application programs. Operating Systems run in the background without the users being aware of it. It controls the inputs, outputs, interrupts, and storage of files as requested by the applications software
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Operating System Objectives

Convenience

Makes the computer more convenient to use Allows computer system resources to be used in an efficient manner

Efficiency

Ability

to evolve

Permit effective development, testing, and introduction of new system functions without interfering with service
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Layers of Computer System

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Services Provided by the Operating System

Program

development

Editors and debuggers

Program

execution Access to I/O devices Controlled access to files System access

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Error

detection and response

Internal and external hardware errors

Memory error Device failure

Software errors
Arithmetic

overflow Access forbidden memory locations

Operating system cannot grant request of application

Collect usage statistics Monitor performance Used to anticipate future enhancements Used for billing purposes

Accounting

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Operating Systems (continued)

The role of Systems Software interface between users, application software and hardware

The Role of Systems Software

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Operating Systems (continued)

OS

acts as an intermediary between application and hardware OS converts basic request into a set of details instruction that the hardware requires Common hardware functions (e.g.)

Get input from keyboard or some other input device Retrieve data from disks Store data on disks Display information on a monitor or printer

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Operating Systems Functions

1.

User interface and input/output management

User interface: allows individuals to access and command the computer system Command-based user interface: requires that text commands be given to the computer to perform basic activities Graphical user interface (GUI): uses icons and menus displayed on screen to send commands to the computer system

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2.

Hardware independence
Application program interface (API): allows applications to make use of the operating system

3.

Memory management
Control how memory is accessed and maximize available memory and storage

4.

Processing tasks
Multitasking: more than one program can run at the same time Time-sharing: allows more than one person to use a computer system at the same time Scalability: ability of the computer to handle an increasing number of concurrent users smoothly

5.

Networking capability
Features and capabilities of the OS that aid users in connecting to a computer network
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Operating Systems Functions (continued)

Application Program Interface Links Application Software to the Operating System Principles of Information Systems, 28 28

Operating Systems (continued)

6.

Access to system resources and security

Protection against unauthorized access Logins and passwords

7.

File management
Ensures that files in secondary storage are available when needed and that they are protected from access by unauthorized users
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Types of Operating Systems

Command

driven: DOS.

the user has to type in the command it has to be in the correct syntax, errors were common more adaptable than Windows when used by an experienced user.

Windows,

menus.

Icons, Mouse and Pull down

originally developed by Apple for the Macintosh later developed by Microsoft for Windows 3.1. uses a mouse to click onto an icon to navigate

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Current Operating Systems

Table: Popular Operating Systems Cross All Three Spheres of Influence Principles of Information Systems, 31 31

COMPILER
v

A compiler is a program that translates human readable source code into computer executable machine code

Analyze each statement and generates instructions in machine language called Object Code.

v v

Translates all code at once Associated with high level languages

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A compiler's complexity depends on the syntax of the language and how much abstraction that programming language provides The compiler is only a program and cannot fix your programs for you. If you make a mistake, you have to correct the syntax or it won't compile. Object code can be saved and executed without recompiling, thus this saves time.

INTERPPRETERS
v

A program or software that facilitates both translation and execution of a code.

Translates code one line at a time and then executes the instruction immediately.

Used with high level languages

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ASSEMBLER
v

A program which translates assembly language program into its equivalent machine language program

Assembler is hardware dependent on System Software program supplied by computer manufacturer.

Basically this translates the low level language to machine code

Used with low level languages

Translation Process in Assembler

Input Assembl y code ASSEMBLE R Output Executab le Machine Code

Difference between Compiler and Interpreters

COMPILER

INTERPRETERS
Stored in read-only

Stored Externally. Generates object code that can be saved and executed as & when required. Complex to write and understand.

memory.
Translated code cannot be

saved, translation need to be performed during each run.

Easier to write and

understand.

COMPILER
Run-time error message

INTERPRETER
Usually provide better

difficult to understand.

run-time error information because source code is still available at run time.

Compiler saves

processing time.

It increases the

processing time.
Language with

significant static properties(e.g. FORTAN,ADA, C++)are almost compiled.

Languages which are

more dynamic in nature(e.g. BASIC, VISUAL BASIC,LISP) are more likely to be interpreted.

THANK YOU
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