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Documente Cultură
Genetics
Environment
Life-style
Age
Gender
Many Factors Combine To Cause
Disease
Inherited traits are determined by molecules
of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Very Complex
Genetic Factors
Heredity – Chromosomes
CAD
HTN
CA
Environmental Factors
Think Chronic Disease’s
CAD
HTN
CA > 40 yoa
AGE & GENDER
Cumulative Effects
Gender Specific
Breast Cancer
Testicular Cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Prostrate Cancer
AGE & GENDER
Cumulative Effects
ENVIRONMENTAL
Cigarette Smoking
Lung Cancer
CAD – Men
COMBINED EFFECTS
Phagocytosis
– Leukocytes destroy pathogens
– Exudate (pus) forms
Cellular Response
Metabolic
Decreased Energy Stores (Aerobic Respiration)
Sodium/Potassium Pump impaired
Membranes Leak
Cellular Destruction
Inflammatory Response
Vascular Response
Fever ( Pyrogens)
Leukocytes
Acute inflammation
– Local responses
– Systemic responses
Chronic inflammation
– Inflammation > 2 wks
Inflammatory Response
Chronic
Defined
Results From
Unsuccessful acute inflammation
Persistent –Ongoing antigen or infection
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
Characteristics
Persistent – Acute Inflammation Response
Neutrophil- Degranulation & Death
Lymphocyte Activation – Clean up
Fibroblast Activation - Healing
Infiltration (pus) – Clean up
Tissue Repair (Scar)
Types of Immunity
Acquired
Humoral immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
Acquired Immunity
INFANTS
Antibodies – Passive Immunity
But Why?
Induction of Immune Response
Triggers
Antigen
– Reacts with preformed components of
immune system
Immunogen
– Antigen that can also induce formation of
antibodies
Induction of Immune Response
To be immunogenic, the antigenic molecule
must be
– Sufficiently foreign to the host
– Sufficiently large
– Sufficiently complex
– Present in sufficient amounts
B lymphocytes - Antibodies
T lymphocytes - Killers
IMMUNE RESPONSE
Summary
of the
Immune
response
Immune vs. Inflammatory
Immune Inflammation
Develops slowly Develops swiftly
Targets specific antigens Non-specific
Long-lasting—has “memory” Temporary—days to weeks
Nutritional
Iatrogenic
Trauma
Stress
Acquired Immunodeficiency (AIDS)
Immune - Primary
Immunizations – Exposure
Activate B Cells
Memory Cell Develops (B)
Secretion of Antibodies
Pathogenic organism DEAD
Classes of Immunoglobulin's
IgM—produced first.
IgG—has “memory.”
IgA—involved in secretory immune
responses.
IgE—involved in allergic reactions.
IgD—present in very low
concentrations.
Immunoglobulin's
IgG (70 -75 %) IgE (less than 1%)
– Secondary immune – Immediate
response hypersensitivity
reactions
IgM (5-10 %)
– ABO incompatibilities IgD (less than 1%)
Function unknown
IgA (15%)
– Defends body surface
against organisms
Hypersensitivity
Altered immunologic reactivity to antigen
Hours – Days
QUAN
Stress & Disease
Think Sympathetic
Adrenal Gland
– Epi, Norepi, Dopamine
Alpha & Beta Effects
Stress & Disease
Hypothalamus – pituitary gland
Growth
Blood pressure
Some aspects of pregnancy and childbirth including
stimulation of uterine contractions during childbirth
Breast milk production
Sex organ functions in both women and men
Thyroid gland function
The conversion of food into energy (metabolism)
Water and osmolarity regulation in the body
Stress & Disease
Cortisol
Secreted by the adrenal glands and involved
in the following functions and more:
Proper glucose metabolism
– Regulation of blood pressure
– Insulin release for blood sugar maintenance
Immune function
Inflammatory response
Cortisol (Hydrocortisone)
Circulates in the plasma
Stimulates gluconeogenesis
– Decreases glucose utilization
Immunosuppressant
Alpha-2 receptors
– Presynaptic nerve endings
– Stimulate alpha-2 receptors
– Inhibit release of norepinephrine
Beta Receptors
Beta-1 receptors Beta receptors
– Primarily in heart – Stimulate the heart
– Dilate bronchioles
– Dilate blood vessels in
Beta-2 receptors
the skeletal muscle,
– Bronchiolar and
brain, and heart
arterial smooth muscle
– Aid in glycogenolysis
STRESS
Nature
Intensity
Duration
Perception
Coping Skills
STRESS
Stress: The confusion created when one's mind overrides the
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