The Mole

Calculating Formula/Molar Mass

Calculate the molar mass of carbon dioxide, CO2.

12.01 g + 2(16.00 g) = 44.01 g

One mole of CO2 (6.02 x 1023 molecules) has a mass of 44.01 grams

Mole Relationships

molecule s

Atoms or

6.02 X 1023 Atoms 1 Mole

1 Mole Molar Mass (g)

Mole
1 Mole 6.02 X 1023 Atoms Molar Mass (g) 1 Mole

Mass

How would you convert,

Atoms Moles atoms 1 mole = moles moles Moles Atoms 6.02 x 1023 atoms 1 mole = atoms

6.02 x 1023 atoms

Moles Mass (g) moles 1 g mole = g g

Mass (g) Moles 1 mole g = moles

Mass (g) Atoms g 1 mole 6.02 x 1023 atoms = atoms 1 mole g atoms

Atoms Mass (g) 1 mole g = g

6.02 x 1023 atoms 1 mole

Calculations with Moles:

How many grams of lithium are in 3.50 moles of lithium?

Converting moles to grams

3.50 mol Li

7 g Li 1 mol Li

= 24.5

g Li

Calculations with Moles:

How many moles of lithium are in 18.2 grams of lithium?

Converting grams to moles

18.2 g Li

1 mol Li 7 g Li

= 2.60 mol Li

Calculations with Moles:

How many atoms of lithium are in 3.50 moles of lithium?

Using Avogadros Number

3.50 mol

6.02 x 1023 atoms 1 mol

= 2.11 x 1024 atoms

Calculations with Moles:

How many atoms of lithium are in 18.2 g of lithium?

Using Avogadros Number

18.2 g Li

1 mol Li 7 g Li

6.02 x 1023 atoms Li 1 mol Li

(18.2)(6.02 x 1023)/6.94 = 1.57 x 1024 atoms Li

 How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?

Na = 22.99 g/mol O = 16.00 g/mol H = 1.01 g/ mol 40.00 g/mol

5.69 g NaOH 1 mol NaOH 40.00 g NaOH = 0.142 mol NaOH

 How many grams are in 9.45 mol of dinitrogen trioxide? N2O3 = 2(14.01) + 3(16.00) = 76.02 g/mol
9.45 mol N2O3 76.02 g N2O3 = 718.2 =718 g N O 2 3 1 mol N2O3

Find the number of sodium ions, Na+, in 3.00 mol of Na2CO3

3.00 mol Na2CO3 2 mol Na+ 1mol Na2CO3 6.022 x 1023 ions 1 mol Na+

= 3.61 x 10 24 Na+ ions

Find the number of sodium ions, Na+, in 3.00 mol of Na4P2O7

3.00 mol Na4P2O7 4 mol Na+ 1mol Na4P2O7 6.022 x 1023 ions 1 mol Na+

= 7.23 x 1024 Na+ ions

Percent Composition, Empirical and Molecular Formulas

Courtesy www.lab-initio.com

 Like all percent problems:

Part whole

7.3: Calculating Percent Composition of a Compound

x 100

Find the mass of each component, then divide by the total mass (assume one mole).
mass of element % mass of element = 100 mass of cmpd

Percent Composition
What is the % composition of water.
Find MM: 2(1.01) + 16.00 = 18.02 g/mol

%H = %O =

2.02 g H 18.02 g Hg 16.00 2OO 18.02 g H2O

100 11.2 % = H 100 88.8 % O =

Double check: %s should add up to 100.

Practice Problem
What is the percent carbon in C5H8NO4 (MSG monosodium glutamate), a compound used to flavor foods tenderize meats? 1. Find mass of C
1. 5 x 12.0 g = 60.0 g C

and

2. Find mass of MSG

1. 5(12.0) + 8(1.0) +14.0 +4(16.0)=146.0 g 3. Mass of element/ mass of cmpd x 100
1. 60.0 g C/146.0 g x100 = 41.1% C

Percent Composition
Find the percentage composition of a sample that is 28 g Fe and 8.0 g O.
Determine total mass: 28 g + 8.0 g = 36 g

%Fe = %O =

28 g 36 g 8.0 g 36 g

100 = 78% Fe 100 = 22% O

Calculating Percentage Composition

Calculate the percentage composition of magnesium carbonate, MgCO3.
Formula mass of magnesium carbonate: 24.31 g + 12.01 g + 3(16.00 g) = 84.32 g
24.31g Mg = 84.32 g 100 = 28.83%

12.01g C = 84.32 g 100 =14.24%

48.00 g O = 84.32 g 100 = 56.93%

100.00

Using Percent as a Conversion Factor

How many grams of copper are in a 38.0-gram sample of Cu2S?
Multiply mass of cmpd with % element

Cu2S is 79.8% Cu (Sample 7-10 p 227) (38.0 g Cu2S)x(0.79852) = 30.3 g Cu

B. Empirical Formula
Smallest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound

C2H6 CH3

reduce subscripts

EF vs MF
Empirical Formula (EF) Defn: lowest whole # ratio H2O Water peroxide HO benzene CH sugar CH2O Molecular Formula (MF) Defn: actual ratio H2O H2O2 C6H6 C6H12O6

Calculating Empirical Formula

It is not just the ratio of atoms, it is also the ratio of moles of atoms. In 1 mole of CO2 there is 1 mole of carbon and 2 moles of oxygen.

Steps for Calculating the Empirical Formula

We get a ratio from the percent composition. Assume you have a 100 g sample.
1. % = g 2. Convert grams to moles ( atomic mass) 3. Find lowest whole number ratio.

( by smallest # of moles) (if this step gives a decimal, multiply by 2, 3, or 4 to get whole #s) 4. Use ratio to write the EF

 Calculate the empirical formula of a compound composed of 38.67 % C, 16.22 % H, and 45.11 %N. Part 1 Calculate the number of moles Assume 100 g 38.67 g C x 1mol C = 3.220 mole C 12.01 g C 16.22 g H x 1mol H = 16.09 mole H 1.01 g H 45.11 g N x 1mol N = 3.219 mole N 14.01 g N

Part 2 calculate the formula!

Divide by the smallest number of moles

3.220 mol C 3.219 16.09 mol H 3.219 3.219 mol N 3.219

= 1 mol C

5 mol H

CH5N

= 1 mol N

Empirical Formula
Find the empirical formula for a sample of 25.9% N and 74.1% O. 25.9 g 1 mol = 1.85 mol N =1N 1.85 mol 14.01 g = 4.63 mol O = 2.5 O 16.00 g 1.85 mol

74.1 g 1 mol

Empirical Formula

N1O2.5
Need to make the subscripts whole numbers multiply by 2

N2O5

Try this!
Adipic acid contains 49.32% C, 43.84% O, and 6.85% H by mass. What is the empirical formula of adipic acid? 1. Convert to grams, calculate # of moles
49.32 g carbon 1 mol carbon = 4.107 mol carbon 12.01 g carbon
6.85 g hydrogen 1 mol hydrogen = 6.78 mol hydrogen 1.01 g hydrogen

43.84 g oxygen 1 mol oxygen = 2.74 mol oxygen 16.00 g oxygen

2. Divide each value of moles by the smallest of the values. Carbon:

4.107 mol carbon =1.50 2.74 mol 2.74 mol

Hydrogen: 6.78 mol hydrogen = 2.47 Oxygen:

2.74 mol oxygen = 1.50 2.74 mol

3. Multiply each number by an integer to obtain all whole numbers.

Carbon: 1.50 x 2 3 Hydrogen: 2.50 x 2 5 Oxygen: 1.00 x 2 2

Empirical formula: C3H5O2

Molecular Formula
True Formula - the actual number of atoms in a compound
empirical formula

CH3
?

molecular formula

C2H6

Steps to calculating Molecular Formula

1. Find the empirical formula. 2. Find the empirical formula mass. 3. Divide the molecular mass by the empirical mass. 4. Multiply each subscript by the answer from step 3.

MF mass =n EF mass

( EF ) n

Molecular Formula

The empirical formula for ethylene is CH2. Find the molecular formula if the molecular mass is 28.1 g/mol?
1. Find the empirical formula and its mass

empirical mass = 14.03 g/mol

2. Divide the molecular mass by the empirical mass.

28.1 g/mol

14.03 g/mol

= 2.00

3. Multiply each subscript by the answer from step 3.

(CH2)2 C2H4

Finding the Molecular Formula

The empirical formula for adipic acid is C3H5O2. The molecular mass of adipic acid is 146 g/mol. What is the molecular formula of adipic acid? 1. Find the formula mass of C3H5O2
3(12.01 g) + 5(1.01) + 2(16.00) = 73.08 g

Finding the Molecular Formula

3(12.01 g) + 5(1.01) + 2(16.00) = 73.08 g 2. Divide the molecular mass by the empirical mass.

146 =2 73

3. Multiply each subscript by the answer from step 3.

(C3H5O2) x 2 =

C6H10O4

Example
A compound is known to be composed of 71.65 % Cl, 24.27% C and 4.07% H. Its molar mass is known (from gas density) to be 98.96 g. What is its molecular formula?
EF: CClH2 MF: C2Cl2H4