Unit 11:

Solution Composition; Energy of Solution; Factors; Vapor Pressure of Solutions; BPE & FPE; Osmotic Pressure; Colligative Properties;

4 different ways to describe concentration

1) 2) 3) 4)

Molarity = mol solute / L solvent Molality = mol / kg of solvent Mass % = grams solute/ grams solvent Mole fraction = mol solute / mol solvent Which way of describing solution composition is dependent upon temperature?

Molarity!

Molarity is the only one that calculates using volume and when temperature changes, volume changes.

What will happen to Molarity if temperature rises?

The volume will increase, so molarity will decrease

How can we convert from one to another? Dimensional analysis!

Sample problem: #2 in the workbook

Energy of Solution (Hsoln) = energy needed for a solute to dissolve in a solvent

LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE If temperature drops when crystals are dissolved in a liquid

Energy of Solution (Hsoln) = energy needed for a solute to dissolve in a solvent

If temperature drops when crystals are dissolved in a liquid, is it endothermic or exothermic? Is Hsoln positive or negative?

Determine whether each of the following are likely to be water soluble

a. CH3-CHNH2 OH H b. H2C N C6H5 NC6H5
c. C4H9CH=CH2

Example:

d. CH3(CH4)4CH2NH2

e. H2C - CH2 OH OH

Solution: a. Water soluble: small molecule with 3 polar bonds b. Insoluble: large molecule with one polar bond (N, 1 lone pair of electrons) c. Insoluble: nonpolar no dipole moment d. Insoluble: large molecule only 1 polar bond (N) e. Water Soluble : small molecule with 2 polar bonds

Henrys Law : P=kC (at constant T)

P= partial pressure in atm C= concentration of dissolved gas (mol/L or M) k= constant for a solution (Latm/mol)

Sample problems: 18 and 19

Effects of Pressure
No effect on solubility of solids. Solubility of gases INCREASE as P increases.

Effects of Temperature
Solubility of solids INCREASES as T increases (usually).

Effects of Temperature
Solubility of gases DECREASE as P increases. (Think of a soda getting warmer the gas leaves, and it becomes flat.)

How does adding solutes affect vapor pressure?

How does adding solutes affect vapor pressure?

When the solute is non-volatile, VP will FALL! Psoln= xsolvent Psolvent (Raoults Law)
Psoln =Vapor Pressure of Solution
Torr) ( atm or

xsolvent=

mole fraction of solvent

Psolvent= VP of pure
Sample Problem: #24

solvent

Sample Problem: #24

Psoln= xsolvent Psolvent
Psoln =??? xsolvent= mole solvent/mole total = ??? Psolvent= 135.3 torr

How does adding solutes affect vapor pressure?

When its volatile, vapor pressure will ?

How does adding solutes affect vapor pressure?

When its volatile, vapor pressure will INCREASE! (Raoults Law) Ptotal=Psolute + Psolvent
Psolute = Xsolute Psolute

What will happen to freezing point when you add a nonvolatile solute?

Freezing Point Depression

Freezing point will DECREASE when you add a nonvolatile solute.

Freezing Point Depression

T= kf msolute n
T= change in temperature kf= molal freezing point constant (this will be given) msolute= molality of solute (mol solute/kg solvent) n= number of particles that the solute dissociates into (example: NaCl dissociates into 2 ions)

Sample Problem: #35 Kf for water = 1.86 Calculate molality by? n = 1 (doesnt break into ions)

Boiling Point Elevation

What will happen to boiling point when you add a nonvolatile solute?

Boiling Point Elevation

T= kbmsoluten Same thing, except now kb= molal boiling point constant

vant Hoff factor (i)

Sometimes electrolytes dont completely dissociate; ions stick together.

i = (mols of ions) / (mols solute dissolved)

i depends on the concentration. Ex: At 0.05 m, i = 3.4 for FeCl3.
If we increase the concentration of an electrolyte solution, i will ___________. (increase or decrease?)

vant Hoff factor (i)

If we increase the concentration of an electrolyte solution, i will decrease.
(When there are more ions, theyre more likely to run into each other and stick together.)

So, when electrolytes dont completely dissociate:

T= (kb or kf)msolutei
(instead of T= kbmsoluten)

Solvent flows through a semipermeable membrane towards the side with more dissolved solute particles.

Osmosis:

Osmotic Pressure = pressure needed to stop osmosis

Osmotic Pressure
= iMRT
= osmotic pressure (atm) M = mol/L R = gas constant (.08206 L atm/K mol) T = temperature (K) i = vant Hoff factor What would happen if the pressure on the concentrated side was greater than the osmotic pressure?

Reverse Osmosis
By applying pressure greater than osmotic pressure to the concentrated side, you can force solvent molecules through the membrane, and get pure solvent on the other side.

Some Vocab

Solution: particles < 1 nm in diameter Colloid: particles between 1 and 1000 nm Suspension: particles > 1000 nm

Tyndall Effect
Colloids will scatter light. True solutions wont. If you shine light through a colloid, you can see it from the side.

Sample Problem
#41: Calculate osmotic pressure of a solution made by adding 13.65 g sucrose (C12H22O11) to enough water to make 250 mL of solution at 25 degrees C.

What equation should I use?

Sample Problem
#41: Calculate osmotic pressure of a solution made by adding 13.65 g sucrose (C12H22O11) to enough water to make 250 mL of solution at 25 degrees C. = iMRT
= osmotic pressure (atm) M = mol/L R = gas constant (.08206 L atm/K mol) T = temperature (K) i = vant Hoff factor

Sample Problem
#46: What is the minimum pressure needed to desalinate 1.0 M salt (NaCl) solution at 25 degrees C? What equation should I use?

Sample Problem
#46: What is the minimum pressure needed to desalinate 1.0 M salt (NaCl) solution at 25 degrees C? = iMRT Follow-up question (which may or may not appear on Fridays test): Will this pressure stay the same as you start to push pure water out of the solution by reverse osmosis? Why or why not?