UTM

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

GEOID BASED SEAMLESS VERTICAL HEIGHT DATUM FOR MARINE AREAS

TECHNICAL WRITING (SGU4922)
GROUP: 4 Presented by: Mohd Amsyar Bin Abdullah Supervised By: Dr. Abdullah Hisham Omar

CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Problem Statement Objectives Of Study Scope Of Study Significance Of Study

2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PRELIMINARY RESULTS CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES GANT CHART

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The GPS technique provide position in three dimensional coordinates in terms of Cartesian coordinates X, Y and Z or geodetic latitude (lat), longitude (long) and ellipsoidal height (h) offers an alternative to conventional leveling technique in height determination. Traditionally, orthometric height which refers to the geoid are normally used in everyday application rather then the GPS derived ellipsoidal height. Nowadays, Malaysia has been implemented this GPS leveling techniques by established our own geoid model which known as myGEOID to convert the GPS ellipsoidal height into orthometric height.

This technique has been done in surveying works inland that need the accuracy of centimeter level such as topographic maps, engineering design and construction project plans. (Khairul, 1995).

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Bathymetry surveys may be conducted for many different reasons, including the planning of hydropower plants, the locating of mineral resources, especially oil or gas, planning navigational routes, or marine exploration. As aforementioned in the introduction part, the bathymetry is determined by depth which based on Chart Datum as its vertical datum and to determine the chart datum, we have to do the tide gauge observations.

The advance of GPS positioning nowadays have provide us to do the GPS heighting which only used the geoid as its vertical height datum.
Furthermore, MyGeoid has been established in peninsular Malaysia and also in Sabah and Sarawak. So, by using this geoid model, we can use the advantages of high-accuracy GPS positioning to determine the height of terrain (seabed topography) relative to geoid (msl). This study will take advantage of this myGEOID to develop a seamless vertical height datum for marine areas as well as for inland.
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1.1 Problem Statement

Traditionally, bathymetric data has been collected relative to a sounding datum, then translated to chart datum for storage and chart production. As a result, most legacy bathymetric data contains depths relative to some local chart datum. The following is a listing of some chart datum definitions:
MLW - Mean Low Water MLLWLT - Mean Lower Low Water Large Tide MLLW - Mean Lower Low Water LNT - Lowest Normal Tide LLWLT - Lower Low Water Large Tide LAT - Lowest Astronomic Tide (atmospheric and oceanographic effects removed)

In offshore works, the most significant challenges in traditional hydrography is establishing the relationship between the instantaneous water surface and chart datum, away from tide gauge locations as the chart datums are only fully valid at the location of the tidal station (where the tides are observed).
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1.1 Problem Statement

Even if MSL is the same at two locations (relative to the geoid), the low water datum will likely be different. In the past, vertical land (topography) and ocean (bathymetry) data were collected for different purposes, using different methods and related to different vertical reference surfaces. The need to merge the two data types has driven the need to resolve these differences. So, in the future there will be only a vertical height datum that is used in topography (land) and bathymetry (ocean) which is the geoid.

1.2 Objectives Of Study

1) To study Land Survey Datum (LSD) and Chart Datum. 2) To generate seabed topography based on seamless vertical height datum using geoid model (myGEOID).

3) To analyse the suitability of geoid based seamless vertical height datum.

1.3 Scope Of Study

The study area chosen is the coastal area which is at Nusajaya, Johor. To understand the GPS derived heights that must be transformed from the ellipsoid to the geoid (msl). Using ArcGIS software to generate the seamless land based vertical height datum to marine based vertical height datum. Compare the results of generated seabed topography. (based on MSL and CD as the vertical datum) Develop a seabed topography database that is based on the geoid vertical height datum.
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1.4 Significance Of Study

For coastal zone management surveys, it is important to define bathymetry relative to existing land mapping data, for example, the depth of the near-shore bathymetry relative to a beach profile for erosion monitoring or for sand renourishment. Other coastal zone management issues that need of the seamless vertical height datum is as following:
floodplain mapping storm surge and tsunami modeling sea level rise scenarios shoreline mapping and change analysis planning and development of coastal zone

The coastal zone encompasses a wide swath along the shoreline that includes both the land and sea, and properly merging information from the two is essential for the analysis of coastal processes and land use of land topography.
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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

GPS Positioning
According to Seker, Z., (2002), point positioning on the earth means that determining the three dimensional coordinates of the so-called point with respect to a reference system. Point coordinates given by GPS is in Ellipsoidal Geodetic ( , , h - latitude, longitude and height) or Geocentric Cartesian Coordinate Systems (X , Y , Z).

Vertical Height Datum

zero surfaces to which elevations or heights are referred. 1. 2. 3. Geodetic surface - geoid Mathematical surface - ellipsoid Tidal surface msl - chart datum
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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Ellipsoid Surface
mathematical model of the Earth which includes a set of numbers for the size and shape of the Earth because the Earth is slightly flattened at the poles.(Shahrum, S., Majid, A., 1994) A flattened sphere, which is known as an ellipsoid is used to represent the geometric model of the Earth (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, 2010)

Geoid Surface
zero surfaces as defined by the Earth's gravity which is approximated by MSL. (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, 2010). According to Fotopoulos (2003), the classical Gauss-Listing definition of the geoid is given as an equipotential surface of the Earth's gravity field that coincides with the mean sea level.
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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Mean Sea Level (MSL)
According to M. Razali (2008), MSL is the average level reached by the sea water for a period of time and this level nearly overlap with geoid and the best period of the tidal observations made is 18.6 years which is a cycle of moon node. MSL is not coincide with geoid because the sea level measurements from tide gauge are ambiguous which means the records do not only reflect sea level change but are also contaminated by vertical land movements, variation in winds, ocean currents, river runoff, salinity, water density and fluid withdrawal such as ocean loading, water, oil and gas. (Azhari, M., et., al, 2001).

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Chart Datum (CD)
Used as zero surface in the determination of water depths and tides and it is used on nautical charts to reference water depths and for navigational use. Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) is chose as the CD as it is the lowest level of sea water which is the sea water will never lower than this LAT value. LAT is determined by predicted the tide for a period of 18.6 years. (Mohd Razali et.al, 2008).

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

myGEOID
According to Seker, Z., et. al., (2002), modeling the difference between gravimetric and GPS/levelling geoids will improve the geoid height determination accuracy at a point observed and, thus, help determination of orthometric heights from GPS observations. contains the height of the geoid (or the value of N) relative to the GRS80 reference ellipsoid surface
GPS users in Malaysia can obtain their values of the orthometric height on the accuracy of 5 centimeters across the country. (Pekeliling KPUP Bil. 10, 2005).

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

final gravimetric geoid for Peninsular Malaysia (WMGEOID04)

final gravimetric geoid for East Malaysia (EMGEOID05)

The final geoid model was computed by fitting the GPS-levelling and the gravimetric geoid to produce Malaysias first ever geoid model MyGEOID as the absolute comparison of gravimetric geoid-ellipsoid separation with the geometric (GPS minus benchmark heights) equivalent revealed existence of datum bias, or datum ambiguity.

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

GPS Heighting - GPS measures heights related to the ellipsoid (h)
myGEOID provides geoid height value (N)

(1) GPS Levelling Over Land P

H orthometric = h GPS N geoid heigt

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

(2) GPS Levelling Over Water Body
Description of symbols used in Figures are as follows: H = orthometric height (height from geoid to terrain) h = ellipsoid height (determined from coordinates of receiver) N = geoid height (determined from geoid model) D = depth measured by echo sounder from transducer to terrain K = offset from antenna of receiver to transducer

GPS Heighting at Lake/River

H = h N (K+D) positive H indicates height of terrain above sea level

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

GPS Heighting at Marine Areas

H = (K+D) h + N
negative H indicates height of terrain above sea level positive N indicates geoid above ellipsoid

H = (K+D) (h + N)
negative H indicates height of terrain above sea level negative N indicates geoid above ellipsoid

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3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

PRELIMINARY STUDY LITERATURE STUDY STUDY AREA
Research title Introduction
Study on previous research

Coastal area at Nusajaya, Johor GPS (inland and sounding fix) Depth Tide gauge Geoid

DATA PREPARATION
DATA PROCESSING ANALYSIS of RESULTS DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Generate seabed topography using ArcGIS Develop database

Comparison of bathymetry Conclusions Recommendation for future research
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4.0 PRELIMINARY RESULTS

The expected results are:
Map of 3D seabed topography using geoid as vertical datum Contour map and DEM of seabed topography Analysis and comparison of generated seabed topography using geoid based and chart datum as the vertical datum A database system for geoid based vertical height datum

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5.0 CONCLUSIONS
The geoid can be used also in marine areas to be the vertical datum as well as inland.

Land and marine has the same vertical datum which is geoid.

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6.0 REFERENCES
Mohd Syahrul Syahrin Bin Hamdan (2006): Analisis Kaedah Penentuan Ketinggian Ortometrik GPS Menggunakan Model Geoid. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Tesis PSM. EM 1110-1-1003, (2003). Engineering And Design - NAVSTAR Global Positioning System Surveying., http://140.194.76.129/Publications/Eng-Manuals/Em1110-1-1003/C-5.Pdf Shahrum, Ses., Abdul, Majid, A. Kadir., (1993). Nota Kursus Geodesi Asas, Fakulti Ukur, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia National-Geospatial Intelligence Agency, (2010). Coordinate Sysytems Analysis: Definition. http://EarthInfo.Nga.Mil/Gandg/Coordsys/Definitions.Html M. Razali, Mahmud., Rusli, Othman., A. Shahlan, Mardi., Usmuni, Din., (2008). Monograf Hidrografi Asas. Fakulti Kejuruteraan Dan Sains Geoinformasi, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Seksyen Geodesi., Bahagian Pemetaan JUPEM, (2005). Seminar Rtknet Dan Peta Geoid, Kuala Lumpur 12 May 2005, JUPEM. David Dodd, Jerry Mills, Dean Battilana, Michael Gourley, (2010). Hydrographic Surveying Using The Ellipsoid As The Vertical Reference Surface, FIG Congress 2010 Facing The Challenges Building The Capacity, Sydney, Australia, 11-16 April 2010
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6.0 REFERENCES
Khairul, A. Abdullah, (1995). Improving The Heights Derived From Geoid Models Using A Regression Model. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Pekeliling KPUP Bil. 10, (2005). Garis Panduan Penggunaan Model Geoid Malaysia (Mygeoid). Pekeliling Ketua Pengarah Ukur Dan Pemetaan Bil. 10 Tahun 2005 Syazwan, S., (2008). Aplikasi Mygeoid Dalam Kejuruteraan Marin, Tesis PSM, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Nazan, Yilmaz., Celalettin, Karaali., (2010). Comparison of global and local gravimetric geoid models in Turkey, Scientific Research and Essays Vol. 5(14), pp. 1829-1839, 18 July, 2010 Karaali, C., Berber, N., (2005). Geoid and importance in Geodesy. Turkey National Geodesy Commission 2005 Scientific Meeting, Workshop Geoid and Vertical Datum, (in Turkish), pp. 314-316. Ahmad Hilmi Bin Mohamad Idris, (2009). Determination of local geoid using geometric method: case study at klang valley. Thesis PSM, University Teknologi Malaysia. Vanicek, P., Kleusberg, A, (1987). The Canadian Geoid-Stokesian Approach, pages 86-98, Manuscripta Geodaetica, volume 12, number 2.
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6.0 REFERENCES
Fotopoulos, G., (2003). An Analysis on the Optimal Combination of Geoid, Orthometric and Ellipsoidal Height Data, PhD Thesis, University of Calgary, Department of Geomatics Engineering, Canada
Heiskanen, W., A., Moritz, H., (1967). Physical Geodesy. W.H. Freeman and Company San Francisco Dursun, Z., Seker, Abdullah, Yildirim., (2002). Orthometric Height Derivation from GPS Observations. FIG XXII International Congress Washington, D.C. USA, April 19-26 2002 Azhari, M., Shahrum, S., Majid, K., (2001). GPS As A Tool For Continuous Monitoring of Tide Gauge. Faculty of Engineering and Geoinformation Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Wan Abdul Aziz Bin Wan Mohd Akib, (2010). Towards A Redefinition Of The National Geodetic Vertical Datum By The Integrated Geodesy Adjustment. Jabatan Geodesi Dan Astronomi Fakulti Ukur Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. http://Eprints.Utm.My/5130/1/Towards.Pdf Vanek, P., Krakiwsky, E., J., (1986). Geodesy the Concepts. North-Holland, Amsterdam. B., Erol, R., N., elik, (2010). Modelling Local Gps/Levelling Geoid With The Assesstment Of Inverse Distance Weighting And Geostatistical Kriging Methods Itu, Civil Engineering Faculty, Geodesy Division, 34469 Maslak Istanbul, Turkey. Samuel, J., Wormley, (2007). Orthometric Height (Msl). Http://Edu-Observatory.Org/Gps/Height.Html
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7.0 GANTT CHART (sem. 1)

No Activities . 1 Finding a topic 2 3 4 5 Synopsis for submission Approval of Title Literature study & discussion Find out software and research area Find out data format Method of data collection Prepare proposal Submit proposal 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Weeks 8 9 1 0 11 1 2 1 3 1 4 15 16

/ / / / /
/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

6 7 8 9

10

Presentation

/
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7.0 GANTT CHART (sem. 2)

No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Activities
Preparation fieldwork Data observation Data processing Data management Result and analysis of data Report writing Submit final draft Presentation in seminar (viva) Submit final thesis

Weeks 8 9 10

11

12

13

14

15

16

/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

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