Conic Sections

Maths Project Work

Made by:- Pranesh kumar XI

Conic Sections Introduction

A conic is a shape generated by intersecting two lines at a point and rotating one line around the other while keeping the angle between the lines constant.

Conic Sections Introduction

The resulting collection of points is called a right circular cone. The two parts of the cone intersecting at the vertex are Vertex called nappes.
Nappe

Conic Sections Introduction

A conic or conic section is the intersection of a plane with the cone. The plane can intersect the cone at the vertex resulting in a point.

What are conic sections?

Conic sections are lines that define where a flat plane intersects with a double cone, which consists of two cones that meet at one anothers tip.

Conic Sections and Degenerate Conic Sections

Conic Sections and Degenerate Conic Sections (contd)

Animation

Conic Sections
CIRCLE

 The plane can intersect the cone perpendicular to the axis resulting in a circle.

Circles are conic sections attained when a right circular cone is intersected with a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone.
A circle is formed when

i.e. when the plane is perpendicular to the axis of the cones.

 Circles are the easiest to figure out and graph out of the four conic sections. The formula for the radius of a circle is x2 + y2 = r2, with (0,0) as the center point of the circle. The Standard Form of a circle with a center at (h,k) and a radius r, is..

( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2 r 2

Example :center (3,3) radius = 2

Conic Sections
ELLIPSE

Conic Sections - ELLIPSE

The plane can intersect one nappe of the cone at an angle to the axis resulting in an ellipse.

An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane whose distance from two fixed points in the plane have a constant sum. The fixed points are the foci of the ellipse. The line through the foci is the focal axis. The point on the focal axis midway between the foci is the center. The points where the ellipse intersects its axis are the vertices of the ellipse.

P(x,y)

P(x,y)

Let PF1+PF2 = 2a where a > 0

( x c) 2 y 2 ( x c) 2 y 2 2a
( x c) 2 y 2 2a ( x c) 2 y 2

( x c) 2 y 2 4a 2 4a ( x c) 2 y ( x c) 2 y 2

4a ( x c) 2 y 2 4cx 4a 2 a 2 ( x 2 2 xc c 2 y 2 ) c 2 x 2 2a 2cx a 4 a 2 x 2 2a 2 xc a 2 c 2 a 2 y 2 c 2 x 2 2a 2cx a 4 (a 2 c 2 ) x 2 a 2 y 2 a 2 (a 2 c 2 )

Let b 2 a 2 c 2

b x a y a b
2 2 2 2

2 2

standard equation of x y 2 1 an ellipse 2 a b

major axis = 2a

vertex lactus rectum minor axis = 2b length of semi-major axis = a

length of the semi-minor axis = b 2b 2 length of lactus rectum = a

Other form of Ellipse

x y 2 1 2 b a

Eccentricity of an Ellipse
c a b The eccentricity of an ellipse is e , a a where a is the semimajor axis, b is the semiminor axis, and c is the distance from the center of the
2 2

ellipse to either focus.

Elliptical Orbits Around the Sun

Conic Sections
PARABOLA

Conic Sections - Parabola

The plane can intersect one nappe of the cone at an angle to the axis resulting in a parabola.

The intersection of a plane with one nappe of the cone is a parabola. A parabola is the set of all points in a plane equidistant from a particular line (the directrix) and a particular point (the focus) in the plane.

( x a) 2 y 2 ( x a) 2

From the definition of parabola, PF = PN

y

( x a) 2 y 2 x a

P(x, y)

M(a,0)
2 2 2 2

focus F(a,0)

x 2ax a y x 2ax a
2

y 4ax
standard equation of a parabola

vertex

axis of symmetry

latus rectum (LL)

mid-point of FM = the origin (O) = vertex length of the latus rectum = LL= 4a

Other forms of Parabola

y 4ax
2

Other forms of Parabola

x 4ay
2

Graphs of x2=4py

Parabolas with Vertex (0,0)

Standard equation Opens Focus Directrix Axis Focal length Focal width

x2 = 4py

y2 = 4px

Upward or To the right downward or to the left (0,p) (p,0) y = -p x = -p y-axis x-axis

|4p|

|4p|

Graphs of y2 = 4px

Paraboloid Revolution
Parabola

Paraboloid Revolution
A paraboloid revolution results from rotating a parabola around its axis of symmetry as shown at the right.

Paraboloid Revolution
They are commonly used today in satellite technology as well as lighting in motor vehicle headlights and flashlights.

Paraboloid Revolution
The focus becomes an important point. As waves approach a properly positioned parabolic reflector, they reflect back toward the focus. Since the distance traveled by all of the waves is the same, the wave is concentrated at the focus where the receiver is positioned.

Conic Sections
Hyperbola

Conic Sections -Hyperbola

The plane can intersect two nappes of the cone resulting in a hyperbola.

Hyperbola - Definition
A hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane whose distances from two fixed points in the plane have a constant difference. The fixed points are the foci of the hyperbola. The line through the foci is the focal axis. The point on the focal axis midway between the foci is the center. The points where the hyperbola intersects its focal axis are the vertices of the hyperbola.

| d1 d2 | is a constant value.

If the length of d2 is subtracted from the left side of d1, what is the length which remains?

| d1 d2 | = 2a

P(x,y)

Let |PF1-PF2| = 2a where a > 0

| ( x c)2 y 2 ( x c)2 y 2 | 2a

( x c)2 y 2 2a ( x c)2 y 2

( x c) 2 y 2 4a 2 4a ( x c) 2 y ( x c) 2 y 2

 4a ( x c) y 4cx 4a 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 a ( x 2 xc c y ) c x 2a cx a
2 2 2

a 2 x 2 2a 2 xc a 2 c 2 a 2 y 2 c 2 x 2 2a 2cx a 4

(c 2 a 2 ) x 2 a 2 y 2 a 2 (c 2 a 2 )

Let b 2 c 2 a 2

b x a y a b
2 2 2 2

2 2

x y 2 1 2 a b

standard equation of a hyperbola

transverse axis
vertex

lactus rectum

conjugate axis

length of lactus rectum =

2b 2 a

length of the semi-transverse axis = a length of the semi-conjugate axis = b

Other form of Hyperbola :

y x 2 1 2 a b

Eccentricity of a Hyperbola
c a b The eccentricity of a hyperbola is e , a a where a is the semitransverse axis, b is the semiconjugate axis, and c is the distance from the center to either focus.
2 2

Hyperbola

The huge chimney of a nuclear power plant has the shape of a hyperboloid, as does the architecture of the James S. McDonnell Planetarium of the St. Louis Science Center.

Where are the Hyperbolas?

A sonic boom shock wave has the shape of a cone, and it intersects the ground in part of a hyperbola. It hits every point on this curve at the same time, so that people in different places along the curve on the ground hear it at the same time. Because the airplane is moving forward, the hyperbolic curve moves forward and eventually the boom can be heard by everyone in its path.

How are conic sections used in the real world?

Believe it or not, conic sections really can be used in real-world situations. The circle formula can be used to figure out how long it takes for the blast from a supernova to reach out to certain distances in space. The ellipse formula can be used to find out the length and width of a running track. The hyperbola formula can be used to figure out the angles of light coming from a lighthouse. Parabolas can be used to measure things like suspension bridges.