Proteobacteria

Chlamydias

Spirochetes

Cyanobacteria

Domain Bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria

Korarchaeotes Chapter 27

Euryarchaeotes, crenarchaeotes, nanoarchaeotes

Diplomonads, parabasalids

Domain Archaea
Euglenozoans

Universal ancestor
Alveolates (dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates)
Stramenopiles (water molds, diatoms, golden/brown algae)
Chapter 28

Cercozoans, radiolarians

Red algae

Chlorophytes

Domain Eukarya
Charophyceans
Chapter 29

Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts)

Seedless vascular plants (ferns)

Plants

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms
Amoebozoans (amoebas, slime molds)

Chytrids
Chapter 30 Chapter 28

Zygote fungi
Plant Diversity

Fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Sac fungi
Chapter 31

Club fungi

Choanoflagellates
Chapter 32

Sponges

Cnidarians (jellies, coral)

Animals

Bilaterally symmetrical animals (annelids,

arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms, vertebrates)
Chapters 33, 34
 Fossilized spores and tissues
– Have been extracted from 475-million-
year-old rocks

Fossilized spores.
Unlike the spores of
most living plants,
which are single
grains, these spores
found in Oman are
in groups of four
(left; one hidden)
and two (right).

Fossilized
sporophyte tissue.
The spores were
embedded in tissue
that appears to be
25.3 from plants.
 Genetic Evidence
• Comparisons of both nuclear and chloroplast
genes point to charophyceans as the closest
living relatives of land plants

(a) Chara,
a pond 10 mm
organism

40 µm

25.3 (b) Coleochaete orbicularis, a disk-

shaped charophycean (LM)
 Five Traits

#1
Apical meristems

#2
Alternation of
generations

25.1-2
Five Traits

#3
Walled spores
produced in sporangia

#4
Multicellular gametangia

25.1
 Five Traits

#5 - Multicellular dependent embryos

25.1
 Bryophyte diversity
LIVERWORTS (PHYLUM HEPATOPHYTA)
Gametophore of
female gametophyte

Plagiochila
deltoidea,
Foot a “leafy”
Seta liverwort

Sporangium
Marchantia polymorpha,
a “thalloid” liverwort

500 µm
Marchantia sporophyte (LM)

HORNWORTS (PHYLUM ANTHOCEROPHYTA) MOSSES (PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA)

An Anthoceros Polytrichum commune,
hornwort species hairy-cap moss

Sporophyte
Sporophyte

Gametophyte
Gametophyte

25.4
 Importance of Mosses
• Sphagnum, or “peat moss”
– Forms extensive deposits of partially
decayed organic material known as peat
– Plays an important role in the Earth’s carbon
cycle (a) Peat being harvested from a peat bog

Sporangium at
Gametophyte tip of sporophyte
Living
(b) Closeup of Sphagnum. Note the “leafy” gametophytes photo- Dead water-
and their offspring, the sporophytes. syntheticstoring cells
cells 100 µm

(c) Sphagnum “leaf” (LM). The combination of living photosynthetic

cells and dead water-storing cells gives the moss its spongy quality.

(d)
“Tolland Man,” a bog mummy dating from 405–100
B.C.
The acidic, oxygen-poor conditions produced by
Sphagnum canpreserve human or other animal
bodies for thousands of years.
 Life Cycles with Dominant
Sporophytes

• In contrast with bryophytes

– Sporophytes of seedless vascular plants
are the larger generation, as in the
familiar leafy fern
– The gametophytes are tiny plants that
grow on or below the soil surface

25.5
 The life cycle of a fern
1 Sporangia release spores. 2 The fern spore 3 Although this illustration
Most fern species produce a single develops into a small, shows an egg and sperm
type of spore that gives rise to a photosynthetic gametophyte. from the same gametophyte,
Key bisexual gametophyte. a variety of mechanisms
Haploid (n) promote cross-fertilization
Diploid (2n) between gametophytes.
Antheridium
Spore Young
gametophyte
MEIOSIS

Sporangium

Archegonium Sperm
Mature Egg
New
sporophyte Zygote
sporophyte
Sporangium
FERTILIZATION
Sorus

6 On the underside
of the sporophyte‘s 4 Fern sperm use flagella
reproductive leaves to swim from the antheridia
Gametophyte
are spots called sori. to eggs in the archegonia.
Each sorus is a
cluster of sporangia.
Fiddlehead 5 A zygote develops into a new
sporophyte, and the young plant
grows out from an archegonium

25.5 of its parent, the gametophyte.

 Transport in Xylem and
Phloem

• Vascular plants have two types of

vascular tissue
– Xylem and phloem

25.6
• Xylem
– Conducts most of the water and minerals
– Includes dead cells called tracheids
• Phloem
– Distributes sugars, amino acids, and other
organic products
– Consists of living cells

25.6
 Evolution of Roots

• Roots
– Are organs that anchor vascular plants
– Enable vascular plants to absorb water
and nutrients from the soil
– May have evolved from subterranean
stems
 Evolution of Leaves

• Leaves
– Are organs that increase the surface area
of vascular plants, thereby capturing more
solar energy for photosynthesis
 Feeding the World
• Seeds changed the course of plant
evolution
– Enabling their bearers to become the
dominant producers in most terrestrial
ecosystems

25.7
 If a pollen grain germinates
– It gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges
two sperm into the female gametophyte
within the ovule
Female
gametophyte (n)

Egg nucleus (n)

Spore wall

Male gametophyte
Discharged
(within germinating
sperm nucleus (n)
pollen grain) (n)

Micropyle Pollen grain (n)

Fertilized ovule. A megaspore develops into a

multicellular female gametophyte. The micropyle,
the only opening through the integument, allows
entry of a pollen grain. The pollen grain contains a
male gametophyte, which develops a pollen tube

25.7 that discharges sperm.

 • Pollen, which can be dispersed by air or
animals
– Eliminated the water requirement for
fertilization
– What did this mean?

25.7
 The Evolutionary Advantage
– A seed of Seeds
• Develops from the whole ovule
• Is a sporophyte embryo, along with its food
supply, packaged in a protective coat
Seed coat
(derived from
Integument)

Food supply
(female
gametophyte
tissue) (n)

Embryo (2n)
(new sporophyte)
Gymnosperm seed. Fertilization initiates
the transformation of the ovule into a
seed,
which consists of a sporophyte embryo, a
food supply, and a protective seed coat
25.7 derived from the integument.
 Gymnosperms

• Gymnosperms - bear “naked” seeds,

typically on cones
– Among the gymnosperms are many well-
known conifers
• including pine, fir, and redwood

25.8
 Exploring Gymnosperm Diversity

PHYLUM CYCADOPHYTA PHYLUM GINKGOPHYTA

Cycas revoluta
PHYLUM GNETOPHYTA

Gnetum

Ovulate cones Welwitschia Ephedra

25.8
 Exploring Gymnosperm Diversity
PHYLUM
CYCADOPHYTA
Douglas fir

Common juniper

Wollemia pine
Pacific
yew

Sequoia

Bristlecone pine

25.8
 A Closer Look at the Life
Cycle of a Pine
• Key features of the gymnosperm life cycle
include
– Dominance of the sporophyte generation, the
pine tree
– The development of seeds from fertilized
ovules
– The role of pollen in transferring sperm to
ovules

25.9
The life cycle
of a pine

25.9
 Angiosperms
• Angiosperms
– Are commonly known as flowering plants
– Are seed plants that produce the reproductive
structures called flowers and fruits
– Are the most widespread and diverse of all
plants
• The reproductive adaptations of
angiosperms include flowers and fruits
25.10
 Flowers

• The flower
– Is an angiosperm structure specialized for
sexual reproduction

25.11
 • A flower is a specialized shoot with
modified leaves
– Sepals, which enclose the flower
– Petals, which are brightly colored and attract
pollinators
– Stamens, which produce pollen
Carpel
Stigma
– Carpels,
Stamen which produce ovules
Anther Style
Ovary
Filament

Petal

Sepal

25.11 Receptacle
Ovule
 Fruits
Tomato, a fleshy fruit with
Ruby grapefruit, a fleshy fruit
soft outer and inner layers
• Fruits of pericarp
with a hard outer layer and
soft inner layer of pericarp

– Typically consist
of a mature
ovary
Nectarine, a fleshy
fruit with a soft outer
layer and hard inner
layer (pit) of pericarp

25.12 Milkweed, a dry fruit that

splits open at maturity
Walnut, a dry fruit that
remains closed at maturity
 • Can be carried by wind, water, or animals
to new locations, enhancing seed
dispersal Wings enable maple fruits
to be easily carried by the
wind.

Seeds within berries and other

edible fruits are often dispersed
in animal feces.

The barbs of cockleburs

facilitate seed dispersal by
allowing the fruits to
25.12 “hitchhike” on animals.
 In the angiosperm life cycle
– Double fertilization occurs when a pollen tube
discharges two sperm into the female
gametophyte within an ovule
– One sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other
combines with two nuclei in the center cell of
the female gametophyte and initiates
development of food-storing endosperm
• The endosperm
– Nourishes the developing embryo
25.13
Angiosperm
Life Cycle

25.13
 Fossil Angiosperms
• Primitive fossils of 125-million-year-old
angiosperms
– Display both derived and primitive
Carpel traits
Stamen

5 cm
(a) Archaefructus sinensis, a 125-million-year-
old fossil.

(b) Artist’s reconstruction of

Archaefructus sinensis
 Angiosperm Diversity
• The two main groups of angiosperms
– Are monocots and eudicots (dicots)

• Two minor groups include

– Basal angiosperms
• Are less derived and include the flowering plants
belonging to the oldest lineages
– Magnoliids
• Share some traits with basal angiosperms but are
more closely related to monocots and eudicots
25.14
Exploring Angiosperm Diversity
BASAL ANGIOSPERMS

Amborella trichopoda Water lily (Nymphaea Star anise (Illicium

“Rene Gerard”) floridanum)
HYPOTHETICAL TREE OF FLOWERING PLANTS
Water lilies

Monocots
Amborella

Magnoliids
and relatives
Star anise

Eudicots

MAGNOLIIDS

Southern magnolia (Magnolia

grandiflora)
Exploring
Angiosperm
Diversity

25.14
 Evolutionary Links Between
Angiosperms and Animals
• Pollination of flowers by animals and
transport of seeds by animals
– Are two important relationships in
terrestrial ecosystems

A flower pollinated by A flower pollinated by A flower pollinated by nocturnal

honeybees. hummingbirds. animals.
 Products from Seed Plants
• Humans depend on
seed plants for
– Food
– Wood
– Many medicines