Created By: Mohd Said B Tegoh

Chapter 3

Skills Practice
Grouping things according to their common properties
Sort the objects below into the following groups: fruits, mammals, furniture, metals, fish and birds. Copper Carp Gold Coconut Tin Eagle Whale Owl Guava Bear Table Bed Chair Eel Papaya Bat Duck Shark

FRUITS MAMMALS FURNITURE METALS FISH BIRDS

Coconut Guava Papaya Whale Bear Bat Table Bed Chair Copper Gold Tin Carp Eel Shark Eagle Owl Duck

3.1

Sets

A set is a collection or group of objects or things which have a certain property in common (specific characteristics). The objects or things are called the elements or members of the set. A set must be clearly defined so that we can determine if an object is a member of the set or not.

Describing Sets

A set can be defined in two ways a) Description b) Set notation with braces { }

Example

Selangor, Sarawak, Sabah

Describing in words:
the set of states in Malaysia whose names begin with the letter S

Describing Sets
Selangor, Sarawak, Sabah

Example

Using set notation with braces { }  Statement

A = { states in Malaysia whose names begin with the letter S }

 Listing the elements within braces

A = { Selangor, Sarawak, Sabah }

Describing Sets
Selangor, Sarawak, Sabah

Example

Using set notation with braces { }  Stating a variable within braces ( characteristics of element )
A = { x : x is a state in Malaysia whose first letter is S } A is the set of elements x where x is a state in Malaysia whose first letter is S
We can denote a set with capital letters as shown in the example above

Describing Sets

Example
Describing in words:
the set of multiples of 6 that are less than 72

Using set notation with braces { }  Statement

S = { Multiples of 6 that are less than 72 }

 Listing the elements within braces

S = { 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66 }

Describing Sets

Example
 Stating a variable within braces ( characteristics of element )
S = { x : x is multiple of 6 and x < 72 }
We can denote a set with capital letters as shown in the example above

Example 1
List the elements of each of the following sets. (a) A = { factors of 18 } (b) B = { consonants in the word MEMBERS } (c) C = { multiples of 7 which are less than 50 }

Solution
(a) A = { 1,2,3,6,9,18 } (b) B = { M,B,R,S } The letter M is listed only once

(c) C = { 7,14,21,28,35,42,49 }

Example 1
Describe the elements of the following sets. (a) A = { 2,3,5,7 } (b) B = { 1,3,7,21 } (c) C = { January, June, July }

Solution
(a) A is the set of prime numbers which are less than 10. (b) B is the set of factors of 21. (c) C is the set of months of the year whose names begin with the letter J.

Identifying The Elements of A Set and Using The Symbol (epsilon)

The symbol is used to denote is an element of and is used to represent the membership of an element in a set The symbol is used to denote not element of

For Example: T = { Days of the week that start letter T } Thus, Tuesday T and Thursday T But, Wednesday T and Sunday T

Representing Sets Using Venn Diagram

 Besides representing sets in words and using braces, we can also represents set by using a Venn diagram  Usually, shapes such as circles, ovals, rectangles and triangles are drawn to represent sets in a Venn diagram  In a Venn diagram, the elements of a set can be represented by a dot  For example; L = { a, b, c, d }
Each dot in a Venn diagram represents one element

L .a .c .b .d

D Stating The Number Of Elements In A Set

The number of elements in a set A is represented by n (A)

For example,
(a) A = { a, b, c, d, e } n (A) = 5 (b) Given that A = { factors of 18 }. Find the value of n (A)

Solution
A = { 1,2,3,6,9,18 } n (A) = 6

E Empty Sets
An empty set or a null set is a set that does not contain any elements It is denoted by the symbol or { }

For example,
X = { Pupils in your class who are over 35 years old } X is an empty set, and can be written as X = or X = { }
Note that { 0 } is not empty set. This is because { 0 } contains one element, 0

Equal Sets

A Set A and Set B are equal if they have exactly the same elements. That is, the element of A is an element of B and element of B is an element of A.

For example,
A = { 1,3,5,7 } and B = { 7,5,1,3 } Sets A and B have the same number of elements and the elements are exactly the same. Thus, A = B

Equal Sets

If Set A and Set B do not contain exactly the same elements or same number of elements, we say that they are not equal. This is denoted by A B.

For example,
A = { 1,3,5,7 } and B = { 7,5,1,3, 9 } Sets A and B do not contain exactly the same elements. Thus, A B.

3.2 Subsets, Universal Sets and Complement

of A Set A Subsets

Let A = { a, e, i, o, e } and B = { a, e }. We find that each member of set B is also a member of set A, that is set B is a subset of set A. The symbol for is a subset of is.. Hence,

A
Set A is a subset of set B if every element of set A is also an element of set B

EXAMPLE 1
Given P = { even numbers between 1 and 9 }, Q = { 2,4,8 } and R = { 4,8,12 }, Determine whether each of the following is true or false (a) Q P (b) R P (c) R Q

SOLUTION
a b c

True
False False

Each member of set Q is also a member of set P Set P does not contain the element 12 Set Q does not contain the element 12

 The relationship between a set and its subset can be shown using a Venn diagram

For example,
Given C = { a, b, c } and D = { a, b, c, d, e, f }. C D can be represented on a Venn diagram as shown D C .a .c .f .b .e .d
Note that set C is contained inside set D

Subsets, Universal Sets and Complement 3.2 of A Set

Listing The Possible Subsets Of A Particular Set

When listing the subset of a set , note that (a) A set is a subset of itself. (b) an empty set ( ) is a subset of every set The number of possible subsets for a certain set A can be found by using the following formula: Number of subsets = 2n(A), Where n(A) = 3

Listing The Possible Subsets Of A Particular Set

EXAMPLE Given that the set A = { 7, 8, 9 } n (A) = 3 Number of subsets for A = 2n(A) = 23 =8 The subset of A are , {7}, {8}, {9}, {7,8}, {7,9}, {8,9}, {7,8,9}.

C Universal Sets
A universal set is a set that contains all the elements in a discussion. It is denoted by the symbol .

For example,
= { Positive integers that are less than 10 } M = { x : x is a multiple of 5 and 0 < x < 10 } ={5} P = { x : x is a perfect square and 0 < x < 10 } = { 1, 4, 9 } Thus, the universal set = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 }

For example,
= { Positive integers that are less than 10 } M = { x : x is a multiple of 5 and 0 < x < 10 } ={5} P = { x : x is a perfect square and 0 < x < 10 } = { 1, 4, 9 } Thus, the universal set = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 } The relationship between sets M and P and the universal set can be represented on a Venn diagram as shown

P .2 .1 .4 .9

.3 .6

M .7 .5

In Venn diagrams, a universal set is usually represented by rectangle

.8

D Complement Of A Set
The complement of a set A is the set of elements that are members of the universal set but not members of the set A. It is denoted by A A .2 .3 .1 .7 .8 .5 .9 .4 In the Venn diagram as shown, the elements that are not members of A are 2,4,6 and 8. Thus, the complement of set A, A = { 2,4,6,8 }

.6

D Complement Of A Set
The Venn diagram below shows the relationship Q, Q and the universal set, The shaded region portion outside Q is Q, the complement of Q

Q Q

The following Venn diagram shows the relationship between , A and A.

A A
Shaded region represents the complement of set A, A

In Sort, n( ) = n(A) + n(A)

COMPLEMENT OF A SET
P Q

3.3 Set Operations A Intersection Of Two Sets

The intersection of two sets, A and B, is the set where all its elements are common to sets A and B. This is denoted by A B.

For example,
A = { c, d, e, f, g, h } and B = { e, f, g, h, i, j } Thus, A B = { e, f , g, h } since e, f, g, h are common to both A and B.

For example,
A = { c, d, e, f, g, h } and B = { e, f, g, h, i, j } Thus, A B = { e, f, g, h } This relationship can be illustrated by a Venn diagram as shown

B A . c . .fe . h. g .d .i .j
Shaded region represents the set A B

The intersection of two sets, X and Y, can occur in the following way
X Y

(X (X

Y) Y)

X Y

The intersection of two sets, X and Y, can occur in the following way X Y

(X Y

Y)= Y X

The intersection of two sets, X and Y, can occur in the following way X Y

(X

Y)=

3.3 SET OPERATIONS B Intersection Of Three Sets

The intersection of three sets, A, B and C is the set where all its elements are common to sets A,B and C. This is denoted by A B C.

For example,
P = { 1,2,3,4 } and Q = { 2,4,6,8 } and R = { 3,4,5,6 } Thus, P Q R = { 4 } since 4 are common to P, Q and R

P = { 1,2,3,4 } and Q = { 2,4,6,8 } and R = { 3,4,5,6 } Thus, P Q R = { 4 } since 4 are common to P, Q and R This relationship can be illustrated by a Venn diagram as shown

P
.1 .2 .8 .3 .4 .6 .5

Shaded region represents the set P Q R

The following Venn diagram shows the relationship between set A, set B, and set C and the intersection of the three sets in the case of A B C.

C Shaded region represents the Set A B C

The following Venn diagram shows the relationship between set A, set B, and set C and the intersection of the three sets in the case of A B C = A C

C=A

The following Venn diagram shows the relationship between set A, set B, and set C and the intersection of the three sets in the case of A B C = C

B C A B C=C

The following Venn diagram shows the relationship between set A, set B, and set C and the intersection of the three sets in the case of A B C = A B

C=

3.3 Set Operations C

Complement Of The Intersection Of Two Sets

 The complement of the set A B is the set of elements that are members of the universal set but not members of the set A B. It is denoted by ( A B )

 The complement of the set A B is the set of elements that are members of the universal set but not members of the set A B. It is denoted by ( A B ) The following diagram shows the region occupied by the set ( A B )

3.3 Set Operations E Union Of Two Sets

 The union of two sets, A and B, is the set where all its elements are in set A , or in set B or in both sets A and B. This denoted by A U B. 

For example,
A = { k, l, m, n } and B = { n, p, q } Thus, A U B = { k, l, m, n, p, q } Note that n written only once

For example,
A = { k, l, m, n } and B = { n, p, q } Thus, A U B = { k, l, m, n, p, q } The relationship can be illustrated by a Venn diagram as shown below.

A .k .l .m .p .n .q

B
Shaded region represents the Set A U B

The following Venn diagrams show the relationship between set A, set B, and the possible unions of the two sets A U B in some cases

The following Venn diagrams show the relationship between set A, set B, and the possible unions of the two sets A U B in some cases

B A

The following Venn diagrams show the relationship between set A, set B, and the possible unions of the two sets A U B in some cases

3.3 Set Operations F Union Of Three Sets

 The union of three sets, A, B and C is the set where all its elements are in either one of the sets, or in two of the sets or in all of the three sets. This is denoted by A U B U C.

For example,
A = { 1,2,3,4 }, B = { 2,4,6,8 } and C = { 3,4,5,6 } Thus, A U B U C = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,8 }

For example,
A = { 1,2,3,4 }, B = { 2,4,6,8 } and C = { 3,4,5,6 } Thus, A U B U C = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,8 } This relationship can be illustrated by a Venn diagram as shown A .1 .2 .4 .3 .5 C .6 .8 B Shaded region represents the set A U B U C

3.3 Set Operations G Complement Of The Union Of Two Sets

 The complement of the set A U B is the set of elements that are members of the universal set , but not members of the set A U B. It is denoted by ( A U B ).

The following diagram shows the region occupied by the set ( A U B ) in a Venn diagram.

Shaded region represents the Set (A U B)

3.3 Set Operations H Combined Operations On A Set

 To do combined Operations on a set, do the operations in brackets first. Then, do the operations from left to right. Shade the region representing each of the following sets (a) P Q R (b) A B C

(PUR)

(A

B)UC

Shade the region representing each of the following sets (a) P Q R Q (PUR)

(a)

(PUR)

(PUR)

Shade the region representing each of the following sets (b) A C (A B)UC B

(b) A C

A C

(A

B)

(A

B)UC

The Venn diagram in the answer space shows sets P, Q and R. Given that = P U Q U R, on the diagram provided in the answer space, shade (a) the set P Answer : R. (a) (b) the set (P U R) P Q R Q. [3 marks]

Q P (b) R

Answer :

(a)

Q R

Answer : (b) P

Q R

(P U R)

The Venn diagram in the answer space shows sets P, Q and R. Given that = P U Q U R, on the diagram provided in the answer space, shade (a) the set Q Answer : R. (a) (b) the set (P P Q) U R. Q R [3 marks]

(b)

P Q

Answer :

(a)

Q R

Q (b) P Q

R R

(P

Q) U R

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SETS

The Venn diagram shows the universal set = { Year Six pupils } Set F = { pupils who read novels } and Set G = { pupils who read comics } F G

Given that n (F) = 90, n (G) = 111, n (F G) = 21 and the number of pupils who do not read novels or comics is 5, find the total number of Year Six pupils.

SOLUTION
The Venn diagram shows the universal set = { Year Six pupils } Set F = { pupils who read novels } and Set G = { pupils who read comics } F G Given that n (F) = 90, n (G) = 111, n (F G) = 21 and the number of pupils who do not read novels or comics is 5, find the total number of Year Six pupils.

69

21 5

90

n (F G) = 21 Pupils who do not read novels or comics = 5 Total number of Year Six Pupils = 69 + 21 + 90 + 5 = 185

The following information was obtained interview involving 52 students: 30 could answer Question A. 28 could answer Question B. 40 could answer Question C. 12 could answer Question A and B. 19 could answer Question C and A. 11 could answer all three questions. There was no student who could not answer all three questions. (a) Draw a Venn diagram to display the above information. (b) How many could answer (i) only question A ? (ii) only question B ? (iii) only question C ? (iv) question A and B but not C ? (v) question B and C but not A ? (vi) question C and A but not B ?

SOLUTION
n (A) = 30 n (B) = 28 n (C) = 40 n (A n (C n (A B) = 12 A) = 19 B C) = 11 8

A
10 1 11

B
1 x 15

30 + (21 x) + x + (16 x) = 52 30 + 21 x + x + 16 x = 52 67 x = 52 x = 15

40 -19 - x 6

A
10 8 1 11 6

B
1 15

SOLUTION
(i) Number of students who could answer only question A = 10 (ii) Number of students who could answer only question B = 1 (iii) Number of students who could answer only question C = 6 (iv) Number of students who could answer question A and B but not C = 1 (v) Number of students who could answer question B and C but not A = 15 (vi) Number of students who could answer question C and A but not B = 8

It is given that the universal set, \ ! {x : 19 e x e 31, x is an integer} and set R = { x: x is a number such that the sum of its two digits is a prime number } Find set R' . A B C D {19, 23, 29, 31} {21, 23, 25, 27, 29} {20, 21, 23, 25, 29, 30} {19, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 31}

SOLUTION \ ! {x : 19 e x e 31, x is an integer}

\ ! { 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 }
R=

{ x: x is a number such that the sum of its two digits is a prime number }

2 3 5 7 11 3 R = { 20, 21, 23, 25, 29, 30}

R = {

19, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 31}

Given that \ ! {9 e x e 18, x is an integer}, E ! {x : x " 14} , and F ! { x : x is a multiple of 3}, find n( E F ). A B C D 2 4 6 8

\ ! { 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 }

E = { 15, 16, 17, 18 } F = { 9, 12, 15, 18 } E n(E F = {15, 18} F) = 2

The Venn diagram in Diagram 15 shows the set U, set V and set W. Given that \ ! U V W
V U 2 5 9 4 6 3 1 W 7

DIAGRAM 15

List all the elements of the set UWV A B C D { 2, 4, 9 } { 2, 3, 4, 7 } { 1, 5, 6, 9 } { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }

SOLUTION
U W V
V U W 2 4 6 3 5 9 1 7

{2, 4, 9}