THE STRAIGHT LINES

Created By: Mohd Said B Tegoh

Chapter 5

THE STRAIGHT LINE

5.1 Gradient of Straight Line 5.2 Gradient of Straight Line in Cartesian Coordinates 5.3 Intercept 5.4 Equation of A Straight Line 5.5 Parallel Lines

5.1 Gradient of Straight Line

A
Vertical Distance and Horizontal Distance
Given a straight line that passes through points A and B as shown. B

OB is known as the vertical distance and OA is known as the the horizontal distance.

Vertical Distance and Horizontal Distance

P 5 units

horizontal

DIAGRAM 1

vertical

4 units

Vertical Distance and Horizontal Distance

Example 1
B
Vertical distance 4 units = _____________ Horizontal distance 5 units = _____________

A 5 units

4 units

Vertical Distance and Horizontal Distance

Q(2,3)

Example 2
Vertical distance 3 (-2) = 5 = _________________ Horizontal distance 2 (- 4) = 6 = _________________ A(-4,-2)
2 (- 4)

3 (-2)

Vertical Distance and Horizontal Distance

Q(3,5)

Example 3

5 (-4)

A(-5,-4)

3 (- 5)

Vertical distance 5 (-4) = 9 = _________________ Horizontal distance 3 (- 5) = 8 = _________________

Determining The Gradient of A Straight Line

The gradient of a straight line is the ratio of the vertical distance to the horizontal distance between two points on that line. Gradient = Vertical Distance Horizontal Distance P 5 units For straight line PQ, Gradient of PQ = 4 5

horizontal

DIAGRAM 1

vertical

4 units

B Determining The Gradient of A Straight Line

Find the gradient of the line MN
N

6 3
=

DIAGRAM 2

Determining The Gradient of A Straight Line

Note that the gradient of a straight line is equals to tan , where is the angle that is measured from the positive direction of the x-axis to the straight line. Gradient of AB = Vertical Distance Horizontal Distance = BC AC

Tan

= BC AC

C
x

Thus, Gradient of a straight line = Tan

Determining The Gradient of A Straight Line

Example
y (a) y

(b)

420 0 A Gradient of straight line AB = Tan 420 = 0. 9004

600 0

1200
x

N Gradient of straight line MN = Tan 1200 = - Tan 600 = -1.732

The x-coordinate and y-coordinate

The x-coordinate and y-coordinate

E (4,4) x

A (-3,2) x C (2,0) x F (-7,-2) x xD (0,-4)

B (4,-3) x

5.2
A
y y2

Gradient of Straight Line in Cartesian Coordinates

Calculating The Gradient of A Straight Line Passing Through Two Points

B(x2,y2)

y2 y1 A(x1,y1) x2 x 1 0 x1 x2

Gradient of AB, m = y2 y1 x2 x1 = y1 y2 x1 x2
x

y1

Calculating The Gradient of A Straight Line Passing Through Two Points

y 5 4 3 2 1 P(1,1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 x Q(6,5)

Example 1
Based on the graph, Gradient of PQ, m 5-1 = 6-1 ____________ 4 = 5 ____________

Calculating The Gradient of A Straight Line Passing Through Two Points

y 5 4 3 2 1 P(6,1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 x Q(1,5)

Example 2
Based on the graph, Gradient of PQ, m 5-1 = 1-6 ____________ 4 = -5 ____________ =
-4 5 ____________

Calculating The Gradient of A Straight Line Passing Through Two Points

Example 3
POINT P (2,-5) (-1,0) (7,8) (-1,-5) POINT Q (-1,3) (3,3) (5,2) (-8,-12) GRADIENT 3-(-5) = -8 -1-2 3
3O =3 3 (-1) 4 28 57 = -6 = 3 -2

-12 (-5) = -7 = 1 -8 (-1) -7

5.3 Intercept
A
The x-intercept and The y-intercept of A Straight Line
y

M y-intercept = b x-intercept = a

(0,b)

The x-intercept of a straight line is the x-coordinate at which that line cuts the x-axis The y-intercept of a straight line is the y-coordinate at which that line cuts the y-axis (a,0)

0 N

The x-intercept and The y-intercept of A Straight Line

y Q(0,5)

Example 1
y-intercept = 5 x-intercept = 6

P(6,0)

The x-intercept and The y-intercept of A Straight Line y x 0 y-intercept = -4 x-intercept = 5

P(0,-4) Q(5,0)

Example 2

Calculating The Gradient of A Straight Line Given The x-Intercept and y-Intercept y

The gradient of a straight line can also be calculated If we know the x-intercept and y-intercept of the line. Gradient, m = - y-intercept x-intercept y-intercept = -4 x-intercept = 5 -4 5 P

Example 1
Q

-4

Gradient = =4 5

Performing Calculations Involving Gradient, x-intercept and y-intercept

Based on the formula Gradient, m = - y-intercept x-intercept

We can find the value of the intercept if we know the gradient and of the intercepts. That is; x-intercept = y-intercept m

y-intercept = - (m x x-intercept)

EXAMPLE 1 (a) If a straight line has a ground of -1 and y-intercept of 3, 2 find the x-intercept of the line. SOLUTION y-intercept = 3, Gradient = -1 2 x-intercept = y-intercept m 3 -1 2 =3x2=6

= -

EXAMPLE 2 (b) A straight line passes through the points(-8,0) and y-intercept (0,p). If the line has a gradient of 5 , find the value of p. 4 SOLUTION x-intercept = -8, Gradient = 5 , p = y-intercept 4 p = - (m x x-intercept) p= = 10 5 x (-8) 4

5.4 Equation of A Straight Line

A
Drawing The Graph of A Straight Line Given An Equation of The Form y = mx + c
To draw the graph of an equation in the form y = mx + c, it is sufficient to find two points that satisfy the equation. Note that graph that is obtained is a straight line. Steps in drawing the graph with equation y = mx + c:  find the x-intercept  find the y-intercept  plot the two points on the Cartesian plane  using a ruler, draw a straight line joining these two points  label the graph

Drawing The Graph of A Straight Line Given An Equation of The Form y = mx + c

y = 2x + 4
y 5 4 y = 2x + 4 3 2 1 -3 -2 -1 0 1 x

Example

 find the x-intercept of y = 2x + 4.

Let y = 0 2x + 4 = 0 2x = -4 x = -2 Thus, x-intercept = -2

 find the y-intercept of y = 2x + 4.

Let y = 0 y = 2(0) + 4 y=4 Thus, y-intercept = 4

 plot two points on the Cartesian Plane  draw a straight line that passes these points

Writing The Equation of The Straight Line Given The Gradient and y-Intercept
If we are given the gradient and y-intercept of a straight line, we can find the equation of the line by substituting in the given values into the general equation y = mx + c.

Example
Find the equation of the line with gradient 4 and y-intercept = -2. 7

Solution

Gradient, m = 4 , y-intercept, c = -2 7 Substitute m = 4 and c = -2 into the equation y = mx + c. 7

y=

4 x + ( -2 ) 7

Thus, the equation of the line is y= 4x - 2 7

= 4x - 2 7

Gradient, m 3

y-intercept -2

Equation, y = mx + c
y = 3 x + ( -2 )

y = 3x -2 2 5 -8
y = 2 x + ( -8 ) 5 y = 2x -8 5 y = -5 x + ( -3 ) y = -5x -3

-5

-3

Determining The Gradient and y-Intercept of A Straight Line from Its Equation
Given an equation of the form y = mx + c, we can easily determine its gradient and y-intercept by looking at the values of m and c. If an equation of the form ax + by = c is given, we can determine its gradient and y-intercept by simply writing the equation in the form y = mx + c. ax + by = c by = -ax + c
y= -a x+

c b

Determining The Gradient and y-Intercept of A Straight Line from Its Equation

SPM Clone
Given an equation of a straight line is 4x + 2y = 7. Find (a) the gradient, (b) the x-intercept of the straight line.

Solution
a
4x + 2y = 7 2y = -4x + 7 y = -4x + 7 2 2 y = -2x + 7 2 The gradient of the line is -2

Let y = 0
4x + 2y = 7 4x + 2(0) = 7 4x = 7 x= 7 4 The x-intercept of the line is 7 4

D (i)

Finding The Equations of A Straight Line Which Is Parallel to The x-Axis or y-Axis
y

In general, a line that is parallel to x-axis and has y-intercept a has an equation of the form y=a

y=a

0 y
In general, a line that is parallel to y-axis and has x-intercept b has an equation of the form y=b

x=b 0 b x

D (i)

Finding The Equations of A Straight Line Which Is Parallel to The x-Axis or y-Axis
y 5

y=4

P
4 3 2 1 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 x

D (i)

Finding The Equations of A Straight Line Which Is Parallel to The x-Axis or y-Axis
y 5 4 3 2 1 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 x

P x=2

Example 1
The straight line MN is a parallel to the x-axis and passes through the point (5,7). Write the equation of line MN.

Solution
y 7
(5,7)

0
y-intercept = 7

Thus, the equation of line MN is y = 7

D (ii)

Finding The Equations of A Straight Line Given The Gradient and A Point On The Line

Example 2
Find the equation of the straight line which has a gradient of 1 and passes through 2 The point (-4,6)

Solution
Substitute m = , x = -4 and y = 6 into the equation y = mx + c y = mx + c 6 = ( -4 ) + c c=8 Thus, the equation of the straight line is y = x + 8

D (iii)

Finding The Equations of A Straight Line Given Two Points

Example 3
Find the equation of the straight line that passes through the points (-3,1) and (2,6).

Solution
Let the equation of a straight line be y = mx + c. Let (x1,y1) = (-3,1) and (x2,y2) = (2,6). Gradient, m = 6 -1 = 1 2-(-3) Substitute m = 1 x = 2 and y = 6 into the equation y = mx + c y = mx + c 6=1(2)+c c=4 Thus, the equation of the straight line is y = x + 4

5.5 Parallel Lines

Gradient, m = - y-intercept x-intercept
5 y

3 Gradient PQ = -3 =1 Gradient KL = =1 -1 Gradient MN = 1 =1

P -3 K M -2 -1

4 3 2 1 0 -1 1

Q L N

1 -1

3 x

5.5 Parallel Lines

A
Determining Whether Two Straight Lines Are Parallel Given The Equations
y = 3x + 2 y y = 3x Given two lines with the equations l1 = m1x + c and l2 = m2x + c; If two lines are parallel, then m1 = m2 If m1 = m2, then y = 3x - 4 two lines are parallel. x 4 3 All the three lines above are parallel and they all have a gradient of 3.

Example 1
2

2 3

-4

Finding The Equation of A Straight Line Which Passes Through A Given Point and Is Parallel to Another Straight Line.

Example 1
Find the equation of the straight line that is parallel to the straight line 2x + 3y = 27 and passes through the point (-1,6).

Solution
Let the equation of a straight line be y = mx + c. 2x + 3y = 27 3y = -2x + 27 Thus, m = -2 y = -2x + 9 3 3 Substitute m = -2 and the point (-1,6) into y = mx + c. 3 y = mx + c 6 = -2 ( -1 ) + c c = 16 3 3 Thus, the equation of the straight line is y = -2x + 16 3 3

SPM 2003:No.5
In Diagram 1, the graph shows that PQ, QR, and RS are straight lines. P is on the y-axis. OP is parallel to QR and PQ is parallel to RS. y R P

S (8,-7)
DIAGRAM 1 The equation of PQ is 2x + y = 5. (a) State the equation of the straight line QR. (b) Find the equation of the straight line RS and hence, state its y-intercept.

Solution:

y R P

2x + y =5
0

y=0 2x + 0 = 5 x = 5/2 (a) x = 5 2

x S (8,-7)

Solution:
y
2x + y =5

(b) R

MRS = MPQ = -2 y = mx +c = ( ) +C C=9 y = -2x + 9 y-intercept = 9 x 8 -7 S (8,-7)

5 (a) x ! 2 (b) M RS ! M PQ ! 2  7 ! 2(8)  C C !9 y ! 2 x  9 y  int ercept ! 9

P1 P1 K1 N1 P1

SPM TRIAL 2010:No.7

Diagram 7 shows a trapezium PQRT drawn on a Cartesian plane. PQ is parallel to RT and QR is parallel to x-axis. The equation of straight line PQ is y 2x 6 = 0. y Q y 2x 6 = 0 P 0 T DIAGRAM 7 Find (a) the equation of the straight line QR, (b) the equation of the straight line RT, (c) the y-intercept of the line PT. 3 x R

y Q 6

(a) the equation of the straight line QR,

R y 2(0) 6 = 0 y=6 x 3 Answer:

(a) y = 6

P1

y Q 6

: (b) the equation of the straight line RT,

mRT ! mPQ ! 2
R

0 = 2(3) + C C = -6 N1 y = 2x 6

P1 K1

3 (3,0)

y = 2x + 6 m=2 (c) y-intercept of line PT, x 6 P1

Cloned SPM
The diagram below shows the straight lines PQ and SRT are parallel. Find (a) the gradient of the line PQ. (b) the equation of the line SRT. (c) the x- intercept of the line SRT.

Cloned SPM
The diagram below shows the straight lines PQ and SRT are parallel. Find (a) the gradient of the line PQ.

Solution:
(a )
12  2 3  (2) 10 ! 5 !2

Cloned SPM
The diagram below shows the straight lines PQ and SRT are parallel. (b) the equation of the line SRT. (c) the x- intercept of the line SRT.

Solution:
(b) m PQ ! mSRT ! 2
5 ! 2(5)  c c ! 5 y ! 2x  5
5 x! 2 5 x  int ercept ! 2

(c) 2 x  5 ! 0

Cloned SPM
The diagram below shows that the straight line EF and GH are parallel. Find (a) the equation of EF. (b) the y - intercept and x - intercept of EF.

Cloned SPM
The diagram below shows that the straight line EF and GH are parallel. Find (a) the equation of EF.

Solution:
(a) mGH ! mEF
2  (5) 7 ! ! 4  (1) 5 7  5 ! (1)  c 5 18 c! 5
7 18 y ! x 5 5

Cloned SPM
The diagram below shows that the straight line EF and GH are parallel. (b) the y - intercept and x - intercept of EF.

Solution:
5 y ! 7 x  18 7 x  18 ! 0 18 x! 7 18 x  int ercept ! 7

Cloned SPM
The diagram below shows STUV is a trapezium. Given that gradient of TU is -3, find (a) the coordinates of point T. (b) the equation of straight line TU. (c) the value of p, if the equation 1 2y !  x  6 of straight line TU is 3

Cloned SPM
The diagram below shows STUV is a trapezium. Given that gradient of TU is -3, find (a) the coordinates of point T.

Solution:
p2 ! 3 06 p  2 ! 18 p ! 20 T (0,20)

Cloned SPM
The diagram below shows STUV is a trapezium. (b) the equation of straight line TU.

Solution:
mTU ! 3 c ! 20 y ! 3 x  20

Cloned SPM
The diagram below shows STUV is a trapezium. (c) the value of p, if the equation 1 of straight line TU is 2 y !  x  6 3

Solution:
1 2y !  x  6 3 1 2 y !  (0)  6 3 2y ! 6 y!3 @p!3