Chapter 1 : Number Bases

1.1 a : Stating Numbers in Base Two, Eight and Five 1.1 b : Value of a Digit of a Number in Base 2, 8 and 5 1.1 c : Writing Numbers in Base 2, 8 and 5 in Expanded Notation 1.1 d : Converting Numbers in Base 2, 8 and 5 to Base 10 and Vice Versa 1.I e : Converting from One Base to Another 1.1 f : Addition and Subtraction in Base Two

Chapter 1 Number Bases

1 1a Number in Base Two, Eight and Five

1.1 Stating Numbers in Base Two, Eight and Five The numbers we use daily are in base 10. The place value of numbers in base 10 are as shown below. 103 =1000 102 =100 101=10 100 =1 Place value Number in base 10

9 70 3

103 =1000 102 =100 101=10

100 =1

Place value Number in base 10

The place value of the digit 7 in the number 9703 is 100

The place value of any digit of a number is a fixed value and does not change with the value of the digit. There is no place value equal to zero. The smallest place value of all number bases is ones. The place value of 3 in the number 9703 is 1.

103 =1000 102 =100 101=10

100 =1

Place value Number in base 10

There are 10 digits that can be written in any place value column for numbers in base 10. The digits are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 The digit value or value of digit varies with the place value and the digit

103 =1000 102 =100 101=10

100 =1

Place value Number in base 10

The value of the digit 9 is 9 x 1000 = 9000 Digit Place value of 9 Value of the digit 9

103 =1000 102 =100 101=10

100 =1

Place value Number in base 10

The value of the digit 0 is 0 x 10 = 0 Digit Place value of 0 Value of the digit 0

 Numbers in base 2 have their respective place values as shown below 22 = Place Value 2x2=4 21 = 2 20 = 1

There are only 2 digits in base 2 : 0 and 1

 Numbers in base 8 have their respective place values as shown below 82 = Place Value 8 x 8 = 64 81 = 8 80 = 1

There are only 8 digits in base 8 : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7

 Numbers in base 5 have their respective place values as shown below 52 = Place Value 5 x 5 = 25 51 = 5 50 = 1

There are only 5 digits in base 5 : 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4

BASE 2
Place Value of Numbers in Base 2

Number in Base 10

24= 23= 22= 21= 20= 16 8 4 2 1

0 1 2 = 2+0 3 = 2+1 4 = 4+0+0 5 = 4+0+1 6 = 4+2+0 7 = 4+2+1 8 = 8+0+0+0 9 = 8+0+0+1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0

1 1

1 1 1 1 0 0

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

BASE 8
Place Value of Numbers in Base 8

Number in Base 10

83= 82= 81= 80= 512 64 8 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 = 8+0 19 = 2 x 8 + 3

1 2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 3

BASE 5
Place Value of Numbers in Base 5

Number in Base 10

54= 625

53= 52= 51= 50= 125 25 5 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 = 5+0 6 = 5+1 7 = 5+2 10 = 2 x 5 + 0 17 = 3 x 5 + 2

1 1 1 2 3

0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 0 2

910 = 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 Read as one zero zero one base 2 = 10012 910 = 8 + 1 = 118 910 = 5 + 4 = 145

Read as one one base 8

Read as one four base 5

Numbers in base 2 are also known as binary numbers Numbers in base 8 are also known as octal numbers Numbers in base ten are also known as denary numbers

EXAMPLE SOLUTION

State two numbers in base two after 11102

24=16

23=8 1 1

22=4 1 1 0

21=2 1 1 0

20=1 0 1 0

Base 10 8+4+2+ 0 = 14 8+4+2+ 1=15 16+0+0+ 0=16

11112 and 100002

EXAMPLE SOLUTION

State a number before and after 218 in base 8

81=8 Before 2 2 After 208 and 228 2

80=1 0 1 2

Base 10 2 x 8 + 0 = 16 2 x 8 + 1 = 17 2 x 8 + 2 = 18

EXAMPLE SOLUTION

State two numbers after 435 in base 5

52=25

51=5 4 4

50=1 3 4 0

Base 10 4 x 5 + 3 = 23 4 x 5 + 4 = 24 1 x 25 + 0 + 0 = 25

1 445 and 1005

1.1 b Value of A Digit of A Number in Base Two, Eight and Five Value of a digit = The digit x Place value of a digit

EXAMPLE

State the value of the underlined digit in each of the following numbers (a)11012 (b) 40328 (c)12435

SOLUTION Place Value Number Value of Digit 23=8 1 22=4 1 1x4=4 21=2 0 20=1 1

The value of the digit 1 in 11012 is 4

SOLUTION Place Value Number Value of Digit 83=512 4 82=64 0 0 x 64 = 0 81=8 3 80=1 2

The value of the digit 0 in 40328 is 0

SOLUTION Place Value Number Value of Digit 53=125 1 52=25 2 51=5 4 4 x 5 = 20 50=1 3

The value of the digit 4 in 12435 is 20

1.1 c Writing Numbers in Base Two, Eight and Five in Expanded Notation A number written in expanded notation refers to the sum of the value of the digits that make up the number . Let us write 42510 in expanded notation Place Value Number 102 101 100

Therefore, 42510 written in expanded notation is as follows 42510 = 4 x 102 + 2 x 101 + 5 x 100

1.1 c Writing Numbers in Base Two, Eight and Five in Expanded Notation Let us write 3748 in expanded notation Place Value Number 82 3 81 7 80 4

Therefore, 3748 written in expanded notation is as follows 3748 = 3 x 82 + 7 x 81 + 4 x 80

1.1 c Writing Numbers in Base Two, Eight and Five in Expanded Notation Let us write 110012 in expanded notation Place Value Number 24 1 23 1 22 0 21 0 20 1

Therefore, 110012 written in expanded notation is as follows 110012 = 1 x 24 + 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20

1.1 c Writing Numbers in Base Two, Eight and Five in Expanded Notation Let us write 41035 in expanded notation Place Value Number 53 4 52 1 51 0 50 3

Therefore, 41035 written in expanded notation is as follows 41035 = 4 x 53 + 1 x 52 + 0 x 51 +3 x 50

1.1 d Converting Numbers in Base Two, Eight and Five to Base 10 and Vice Versa
Steps to convert numbers in base 2, 8 and 5 to base 10 are as follows 1. Write the number in expanded notation 2. Simplify the expanded notation into a single number Convert each of the following numbers to a number in base 10 a. 110012 b. 3748 c. 41035

EXAMPLE

Convert each of the following numbers to a number in base 10 a. 110012 b. 3748 c. 41035

EXAMPLE SOLUTION

a. 110012 = 1 x 24 + 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 = 2510 b. 3748 = 3 x 82 + 7 x 81 + 4 x 80 = 25210 c. 41035 = 4 x 53 + 1 x 52 + 0 x 51 +3 x 50 = 52810

1.1 d Converting Numbers in Base Two, Eight and Five to Base 10 and Vice Versa
Steps to convert numbers in base 10 to base 2, 8 or 5 are as follows 1. Perform repeated division until the quotient is 0 2. Write the number in the new base by referring to the remainders from bottom to the top

EXAMPLE

Convert 1810 to numbers in base two, eight and five

SOLUTION

1810 to Base 2 2 18 2 2 2 2 9 4 2 1 0 R0 R1 R0 R0 R1

1810 = 100102

SOLUTION

1810 to Base 5 5 18 5 3 0 R3 R3

1810 = 335

SOLUTION

1810 to Base 8 8 18 8 2 0 R2 R2

1810 = 228

1.1 e Converting Numbers from One Base to Another

The following steps are used to convert from one base to another 1. Convert the number to a number in base 10 2. Use repeated division to convert the number in base 10 to the respective bases

EXAMPLE

Convert a. b. c. d. 1102 to number in base 5 325 to number in base 2 1278 to number in base 5 2035 to number in base 8

a. 1102 to number in base 5 SOLUTION 1102 = 1 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 = 610 5 6 5 1 0 R1 R1

1102 = 115

b. 325 to number in base 2 SOLUTION 325 = 3 x 51 + 2 x 50 = 1710

2 2 2 2 2 17 8 4 2 1 0 R1 R0 R0 R0 R1

325 = 100012

c. 1278 to number in base 5 SOLUTION 1278 = 1 x 82 + 2 x 81 + 7 x 80 = 8710 5 87 5 17 5 3 0 R2 R2 R3

1278 = 3225

d. 2035 to number in base 8 SOLUTION 2035 = 2 x 52 + 0 x 51 + 3 x 50 = 5310 8 53 8 6 0 R5 R6

2035 = 658

Binary 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

Octal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Converting binary to octal: Counting from right to left, draw a line between every group of 3-bits. The most significant group may not have exactly three bits, so you can just pretend the others are zeros. Now convert each group of three to a single, octal digit. The conversion of a 3-bit number to an octal number is easy. You can memorize the patterns easily and, even if you forget, they are not hard to figure out. The resulting octal digits, when written together in the same order, are the equivalent binary number. Here's an example which converts the binary number '11111010' to its equivalent octal number.

Converting octal to binary: This is simply the reverse of the above process. For every octal digit, just write down the 3-bit pattern that represents it. Here is an example which converts octal number 6252 to binary.

Convert 1000111012 to number in base 8

solution
100 011 101

1000111012 = 4358

Convert 5318 to number in base 2

solution
5 31 531

101

011

001

5318 = 1010110012

1.1f Addition and Subtraction in Base Two To add two numbers in base two, the following addition rules are important

1011 +1110 1 1 0 01 _______

12 + 12 + 12 = 112 12 + 12 = 102 12 + 12 = 102

1 1

1.1f Addition and Subtraction in Base Two To subtract two numbers in base two, the following subtraction rules are important

02 - 02 = 02 12 - 02 = 12 12 - 12 = 02 102 - 12 = 12

1011 - 110 1 01 _______

02 - 02 = 02 102 -12 = 12

0 10

BASE

BASE

Binary Octal Denary

BIN (b) OCT (o) DEC (d)

Example 1
Convert 14628 to a number in base 10
2x
MODE

BASE

3
1 4

3 6

OCT ln 2

o
= DEC x2 818 d

 To clear the Base-n specification

1X

Press

MODE

COMP 1

 To continue the Base-n specification

ON

Press

Example 2
Convert 11012 to a number in base 8 2x MODE BASE BIN log

3
1 1 0

3 1

b o

OCT ln 15 =

 To clear the Base-n specification

1X

Press

MODE

COMP 1

 To continue the Base-n specification

ON

Press

Example 3
Convert 146210 to a number in base 8
2x
MODE

BASE

3
1 4

3 6

DEC x2 2

d
= OCT 2666 ln

Example 4
Calculate 10012 + 1112, stating your answer as a number in base 2 2x
MODE BASE BIN

3 0
b

log b

1
=

10000

 To clear the Base-n specification

1X

Press

MODE

COMP 1

 To continue the Base-n specification

ON

Press