CHAPTER

5 : Variations

5.1 Direct Variations

A B State the changes in a quantity with respect to the changes in another quantity in a direct variation Determine whether a quantity varies directly as another quantity

C Express a direct variation as an equation in two variables D Find the value of a variable in a direct variation given Sufficient information

CHAPTER

5 : Variations

5.2 Inverse Variations

A State the changes in a quantity with respect to the changes in another quantity in an inverse variation B C D Determine whether a quantity varies inversely as another quantity Express an inverse variation as an equation in two variables Find the value of a variable in an inverse variation given Sufficient information

CHAPTER

5 : Variations

5.3 Joint Variations

A Represent a joint variation by using the symbol B Express a joint variation in the form of an equation C Find the value of a variable in a joint variation given sufficient information

CHAPTER

5 : Variations

5.1 Direct Variations

A State the changes in a quantity with respect to the changes in another quantity in a direct variation In everyday life, there are situations where an increase in the value of a quantity will cause a corresponding increase in the value of another quantity and vice-versa.

EXAMPLE

The table below shows the amount Ali paid for different number of exercise books he bought Number of exercise books bought Amount paid (RM) 2 4 4 8 8 16 12 24

State the change in the amount Ali paid when the number of exercise Books he bought is (a) doubled (b) halved (c) trebled

CHAPTER

5 : Variations
2 4 4 8 8 16 12 24

A State the changes in a quantity with respect to the changes in another quantity in a direct variation

SOLUTIO N

Number of exercise books bought Amount paid (RM)

From the table, it can be seen that the more exercise books Ali buys, the greater the amount he has to pay. qThe amount Ali paid is doubled when the number of exercise books he bought is doubled qThe amount Ali paid is halved when the number of exercise books he bought is halved qThe amount Ali paid is trebled when the number of exercise books he bought is trebled

CHAPTER

5 : Variations

B Determine whether a quantity varies directly as another quantity To determine whether y varies directly as x, just check whether y is a x constant for all given pairs of (x, y). Based on the values of x and y given in the tables below, determine whether y varies directly as x in each case. x y 2 10 3 15 5 25 6 30 8 40

EXAMPLE

CHAPTER

5 : Variations

B Determine whether a quantity varies directly as another quantity To determine whether y varies directly as x, just check whether y is a x constant for all given pairs of (x, y). x y 2 10 3 15 5 25 6 30 8 40

SOLUTION

y x

A constant

Hence, y varies directly as x.

CHAPTER

5 : Variations

B Determine whether a quantity varies directly as another quantity To determine whether y varies directly as x, just check whether y is a x constant for all given pairs of (x, y). Based on the values of x and y given in the tables below, determine whether y varies directly as x in each case. x y 2 5 4 10 6 15 8 24 12 30

EXAMPLE

CHAPTER

5 : Variations

B Determine whether a quantity varies directly as another quantity To determine whether y varies directly as x, just check whether y is a x constant for all given pairs of (x, y). x y 2 5 4 10 6 15 8 24 12 30

SOLUTION

y x

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

Not a constant

Hence, y does not vary directly as x.

CHAPTER

5 : Variations

C Express a direct variation as an equation in two variables If y xn, then y = k or y = kxn, where k is the constant of variation. xn (a)Given that y varies directly as x and y = 8 when x = 12, express y in terms of x. (b) If p varies directly as r3 and p = 2 when r = , find the equation which relates p and r.

EXAMPLE

CHAPTER

5 : Variations

C Express a direct variation as an equation in two variables (a)Given that y varies directly as x and y = 8 when x = 12, express y in terms of x. (a) Given y x. Then, y = kx, where k is the constant of variation Given y = 8 when x = 12 = k( 8=k 12 k=2 3 Thus, y = 2x 3 )

SOLUTION

CHAPTER

5 : Variations

C Express a direct variation as an equation in two variables (b) If p varies directly as r3 and p = 2 when r = , find the equation which relates p and r. (a) Given p r3. Then, p = kr3, where k is the constant of variation Given p = 2 when r = = k( )3 2 = 1k 8 k = 16 Thus, p = 16r3

SOLUTION

CHAPTER
D

5 : Variations

Find the value of a variable in a direct variation given sufficient information

If y varies directly as xn, then y = k or y = kxn, where k is the xn constant of variation. Hence, given sufficient information, the value of x or y can be determined by using y = kxn.

CHAPTER
D

5 : Variations

Find the value of a variable in a direct variation given sufficient information

EXAMPLE Given that y varies directly as x and y = 18 when x = 3, find (a) the value of y when x = 5, (b) the value of x when y = 4. SOLUTION Given y x y = kx Given y = 18 when x = 3 18 = k(3) k=6 Hence, y = 6x
(a) When x = 5, y = 6(5) = 30 (b) When y = 4, 4 = 6x

4=x 6 x=2 3

CHAPTER
D

5 : Variations
(a) Let x1 = 3, y1 = 18 and x2 = 5 18 = y2 3 5 y2 = 30 (b) Let x1 = 3, y1 = 18 and y2 = 4 18 = 4 3 x2 x2 = 2 3

Find the value of a variable in a direct variation given sufficient information ANOTHER WAY y1 = y2 x2 x1

CHAPTER

5 : Variations

5.2 Inverse Variations

A State the changes in a quantity with respect to the changes in another quantity in an inverse variation In everyday life, there are situations where an increase in the value of a quantity will cause a corresponding decrease in the value of another quantity and vice-versa.

EXAMPLE

The volume, V cm3, of a gas is measured at several pressures, P N/cm2. The table below shows some typical values of V and P. P (N/cm2) V (cm2) 10 30 20 15 30 10 40 7.5

State the variation in the value of V if the value of P is (a) doubled (b) halved (c) trebled

CHAPTER

5 : Variations
10 30 20 15 30 10 40 7.5

5.2 Inverse Variations

A State the changes in a quantity with respect to the changes in another quantity in an inverse variation P (N/cm2) V (cm2)

SOLUTIO N

qWhen the value of P is doubled, the value of V is halved. qWhen the value of P is halved, the value of V is doubled. qWhen the value of P is trebled, the value of V is multiplied by 1/3 or the value of V is three times less.

CHAPTER

5 : Variations

5.2 Inverse Variations

B Determine whether a quantity varies inversely as another quantity To determine whether y varies inversely as x, just check whether xy is a Constant for all given pairs of (x,y) Example (a) Determine whether y varies inversely as x, in each of the following cases. x y x y 2 4 2 16 4 2 4 8 5 1.6 8 4 8 1 10 3.5

(b)

CHAPTER

5 : Variations

5.2 Inverse Variations

B Determine whether a quantity varies inversely as another quantity Solution (a) x y xy 2 4 8 4 2 8 5 1.6 8 8 1 8 A constant

Hence, y varies inversely as x.

CHAPTE R

5 : Variations

5.2 Inverse Variations

B Determine whether a quantity varies inversely as another quantity Solution (b) x y xy 2 16 32 4 8 32 8 4 32 10 3.5 35 Not a constant

Hence, y does not vary inversely as x.

CHAPTER

5 : Variations

5.2 Inverse Variations

C Express an inverse variation as an equation in two variables If y 1 , then xny = k or y = k , where k is the constant of variation. xn xn (a)Given that y varies inversely as x and y = 24 when x = 2/3, express y in terms of x. (b) If P varies inversely as the square root of V and P = when V = 9, find the equation which relates P and V.

EXAMPLE

CHAPTE R

5 : Variations

5.2 Inverse Variations

C Express an inverse variation as an equation in two variables (a)Given that y varies inversely as x and y = 24 when x = 2/3, express y in terms of x. (a) Given y 1/x. Then, y = k/x, where k is the constant of variation Given y = 24 when x = 2/3 = k/( 24 x 2/3 = k k = 16 Hence, y = 16 x )

SOLUTION

CHAPTE R

5 : Variations

5.2 Inverse Variations

C Express an inverse variation as an equation in two variables (b) If P varies inversely as the square root of V and P = when V = 9, find the equation which relates P and V. (b) Given P 1 V Then, P = k where k is the constant of variation. V Given P = 1 when V = 9. 2 1 =k 1x3=k 2 9 2 1 =k k=3 Hence, P = 3 2 3 2 2V

SOLUTION

CHAPTER

5 : Variations

5.2 Inverse Variations

D Find the value of a variable in an inverse variation given sufficient information If y 1 , then xny = k or y = k , where k is the constant of variation. xn xn Hence, given sufficient information, the value of x or y can be determied by using y = k . xn EXAMPLE If y varies inversely as x and y = 8 when x = 2, find (a) the value of y when x = 4, (b) the value of x when y = 10.

CHAPTER

5 : Variations

5.2 Inverse Variations

D Find the value of a variable in an inverse variation given sufficient information EXAMPLE If y varies inversely as x and y = 8 when x = 2, find (a) the value of y when x = 4, (b) the value of x when y = 10. SOLUTION Given y 1/x y = k/x Given y = 8 when x = 2 18 = k/2 k = 16 Hence, y = 16/x
(a) When x = 4, y = 16/4 = 4 (b) When y = 10, 10 = 16/x

x = 16/10 x = 1.6

CHAPTER

5 : Variations

5.2 Inverse Variations

D Find the value of a variable in an inverse variation given sufficient information ANOTHER WAY x1y1 = x2y2 (a) Let x1 = 2, y1 = 8 and x2 = 4. 2(8) = 4(y2) y2 = 4 (b) Let x1 = 2, y1 = 8 and y2 = 10. 2(8) = x2(10) x2 = 1.6

CHAPTER

5 : Variations

5.3 Joint Variations

A Represent a joint variation by using the symbol
A joint variation combines two or more variations involving three or more variables. (a) y varies directly as p and z means y varies directly as p x z and this is written as y pz. (b) y varies inversely as p and z is y 1 x 1 and this is written as y 1 p z pz (c) y varies directly as p and and inversely as z is y p x 1 and this is z written as y p z (d) y varies directly as p2 and and inversely as z3 is y p x 1 and this is z3 written as y p z3

CHAPTER

5 : Variations

5.3 Joint Variations

B Express a joint variation in the form of an equation

Example

Given y varies directly as x and z2, find the equation relating x, y and z if y = 6 when x = 2 and z = 1 Given y xz2. Then, y = kxz2, where k is the constant of variation Given x = 2, y = 6 and z = 1. = k(2)(1)2 6 6 = 2k k=3 Hence, the equation relating x, y and z is y = 3xz2.

Solution

CHAPTER

5 : Variations

5.3 Joint Variations

C Find the value of a variable in a joint variation given sufficient information

Example

Given A varies inversely as B and the square root of C. If A = 3 when B = 2 and C = 4, find the value of C when A = B = 2.

Solution

Given A 1. BC Then, y = k , where k is the constant of variation BC Given A = 3, B = 2 and C = 4. When A = B = 2, 3=k 2 = 12 24 2C k = 12 4C= 12 Thus, A = 12 C = 12 = 3 BC 4

C = 32 C=9