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2.1 GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS The graph of a function is a set of points on the Cartesian Plane that satisfy the function Information is presented in the form of graphs Graph are widely used in science and technology Graphs are very useful to researchers, scientists and economist
The different type of functions and respective power of General form Example x Highest Type of
function
power of variable x
Linear
y = ax + c
y = 3x y = -4x + 5
y = 2x2 y = -3x2 + 2x y = 2x2 + 5x + 1
1 2 3 -1
y=a Reciprocal x
a 0
LINEAR FUNCTION
LINEAR FUNCTION
QUADRATIC FUNCTION
QUADRATIC FUNCTION
QUBIC FUNCTION
QUBIC FUNCTION
RECIPROCAL FUNCTION
RECIPROCAL FUNCTION
Using calculator to complete the tables Using the scale given to mark the points on the x-axis and y-axis Plotting all the points using the scale given
COMP
CALC Memory
Example 1
Calculate the result for Y = 3X 5, when X = 4, and when X = 6
ALPHA
X )
3
CALC
3X 5
4 6
CALC
7 = 13
CALC Memory
Example 2
Calculate the result for Y = X2 + 3X 12, when X = 7, and when X = 8
ALPHA
X )
ALPHA
X )
x2
CALC CALC
1 7 8
X2 + 3X 12
= 58 = 76
CALC Memory
Example 3
Calculate the result for Y = 2X2 + X 6, when X = 3, and when X = -3
ALPHA
X )
ALPHA
X )
x2
CALC CALC
6 3 (-)
2X2 + X 6
= 15 3 = 9
CALC Memory
Example 4
Calculate the result for Y = -X3 + 2X + 5, when X = 2, and when X = -1
ALPHA
(-) +
CALC
X )
ALPHA
SHIFT
x3
x2
X )
CALC
-X3 + 2X + 5
+ 2
5 = 1
(-)
= 4
Example 5
Calculate the result for Y = 6 when X = -3, X and when X = 0.5
ALPHA
6 x = -2 5 = 12
)
Example 6
Calculate the result for Y = 6 when X = -3, X and when X = 0.5
ALPHA
6
CALC CALC
X )
-1
6x-1
(-) 0
3 .
= -2 5 = 12
Y = -2X2 + 40 X Y 0
40
0.5
39.5
1 1.5
38 35.5
2
32
3
22
3.5
15.5
4
8
Y = X3 3X + 3
X -3 -2 -1 Y -15 1 5 0
3
0.5
1.625
1
1
1.5
1.875
2
5
Y = -16 X
X Y -4
4
-3
5.33
-2
8
-1
16
1
-16
2
-8
-5.33 -4
Using Calculator
2(4)2 + 5(4) 1 = 51 2 ( 1 4 = ) x2 + 5 ( 4 )
Using Calculator
(-2)3 - 12(-2) + 10 = 26 ( (-) 2 ( (-) 2 OR ( (-) 2 ( (-) 2 ) ) V 3 1 1 2 ) ) SHIFT x2 + 1 0 = 1 2
0 =
y = x2 + 2x
x y -5 15 -4 8 )2 + 2( )2 + 2( -3 -2 -1 0 -1 )= 3 )= 8 0 0 1 3 2 3 15
y = ( y =(
y = -4 ( ) = 4
y = -4 ( ) = -2
Marking the points on the x-axis and y-axis x-axis scale : 2 cm to 2 units
2.4 2
3.0
3.9 4
-3.6 -4
-3.0
-2.1 -2
15 14.5 13.5
12 10.75 10
B (4,-3) x
-1
x D (-1,-3) -5
x D (-1,-1.2) -2
2.1 A
2.1 A
solution
x y -2 -4
solution
y = x2 + 2x x y -5 15 -4 8 -3 3 -2 -1 0 -1 0 0 1 3 2 8 3 15
-3 + 2 -3
16
x
14 12
y = x2 + 2x
10 8 6 4
x
-5 -4 -3 -2
x
2
-1
x 0
solution
y = x3 - 12x + 3 x y -4 -3 -2 -1 0 3 1 2 3 4
-13 12 19 14
-8 -13 -6 19
-4 - 12 -4 + 3
solution
y = -4 x x y -4 -2.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.6 4 8 1 2 3.2 4
-8 -4 -2 -1.25 -1
-4 -1
y
X
8 6
4 2
-4
-3
-2
-1
0 -2 -4 -6 -8
X
1
X
2
X
3X
4 X
x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x
x
14
Find (a) the value of y when x = -3.5 (b) the value of x when y = 11
y = 11
12 10
8 6 5
solution
From the graph; (a) y = 5
x
-5-4.4 -4 -3.5 -3 -2
x
2
-1
2 2.5 3
x
14 12 10
x
5
8 6
x
-5 -4 -3.5-3 -2
x
2
-1
x
14 12 10
2.5
11
8 6 5
x
-5 -4 -3 -2
x
2
-1
x =1.5
Find (a) the value of y when x = 1.8 (b) the value of x when y = 3.4
solution
(a) (b) y = -2.2 x = -1.2
-2 -2.2 -4 -6 -8 x
Notes
x
Values obtained from the graphs are approximations
2.1 C
y b y = -x + 2 2 0 x
2.1 C
0 y b y = -x2 0
y b y = -x3 + 2 2 0 x
2.1 C
y b y = -1 x 0 0 x
2.1 D
Example
find the x-intercept of y = 2x + 4. Substitute y = 0 2x + 4 = 0 2x = -4 x = -2 Thus, x-intercept = -2 find the y-intercept of y = 2x + 4. Substitute x = 0 y = 2(0) + 4 y=4 Thus, y-intercept = 4 draw a straight line that passes x-intercept and y-intercept
4 y = 2x + 4
-2
Example
a<0
the shape of the graph is y-intercept is 8 find the x-intercept of y = -2x2 + 8. Substitute y = 0 -2x2 + 8 = 0 -2x2 = -8 x2 = 4 Thus, x-intercept = -2 and 2
-2
x 2
Example
a<0
Solution
x2 = x + 2 x2 - x 2 = 0 (x 2)(x + 1) = 0 x = 2, x = -1
Solve the equation x2 = x + 2 by using the Graphical Method y 4 y = x2 3 y=x+2 B Let y = x + 2 and y = x2 Draw both graphs on the same axes Look at the points of intersection: A and B. Read the values of the coordinates of x. x = -1 and x x=2
2 A
-2
-1
Method
12. (a) Complete Table 1 for the equation y = x2 + 2x by writing down the values of y when x = -3 and 2. x y -5 15 -4 8 -3 -2 0 -1 -1 0 0 1 3 2 3 15
TABLE 1
(b) By using scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to 2 units on the y-axis, draw the graph of y = x2 + 2x for -5 x 3. (c) From your graph, find (i) the value of y when x = -3.5, (ii) the value of x when y = 11. (d) Draw a suitable straight line on your graph to find a value of x which satisfies the equation of x 2 + x 4 = 0 for -5 x 3.
Method
Example
The graph y = x2 - 5x - 3 is drawn. Determine the suitable straight line to be drawn to solve each of the following equations. a) b) c) d) e) x2 - 5x - 3 = 4 x2 - 5x - 3 = 2x + 4 x2 - 5x - 2 = x + 4 x2 - 5x - 10 = 0 x2 - 7x - 2 = 0
The graph y = x2 - 5x - 3 is drawn. Determine the suitable straight line to be drawn to solve the equation: x2 - 5x - 3 = 4
solution
a) x2 - 5x - 3 = 4 x2 - 5x - 3 = y
b) x2 - 5x - 3 = 2x + 2
x2 - 5x - 3 = y
The graph y = x2 - 5x - 3 is drawn. Determine the suitable straight line to be drawn to solve the equation: x2 - 5x 2 = x + 4
solution
c) x2 - 5x - 2 = x + 4 -1 on both sides
x2 - 5x 2 - 1 = x + 4 - 1 x2 - 5x - 3 = x + 3
The graph y = x2 - 5x - 3 is drawn. Determine the suitable straight line to be drawn to solve the equation: x2 - 5x - 10 = 0
solution
d) x2 - 5x - 10 = 0 x2 - 5x = 10 x2 - 5x - 3 = 10 - 3 x2 - 5x - 3 = 7 Rearrange the equation -3 on both sides
The graph y = x2 - 5x - 3 is drawn. Determine the suitable straight line to be drawn to solve the equation: x2 - 7x - 2 = 0
solution
e) x2 - 7x - 2 = 0 x2 = 7x + 2 Rearrange the equation -5x - 3 on both sides
x2 - 5x 3 = 7x + 2 - 5x - 3 x2 - 5x - 3 = 2x -1
The graph y = x2 - 5x - 3 is drawn. Determine the suitable straight line to be drawn to solve the equation: -x2 - 2x - 5 = 0
Alternative Method
Since a straight line is needed, we used to eliminate the term, x2. The following method can be used
y = x2 - 5x - 3 0 = -x2 - 2x - 5
1
1 2
The graph y = x2 - 5x - 3 is drawn. Determine the suitable straight line to be drawn to solve the equation: -x2 - 2x - 5 = 0
Alternative Method
y = (-2x - 5) 5x - 3 y = -2x - 5 5x - 3 y = -7x - 8
X2 = -2x - 5
The graph y = x3 - 5x - 3 is drawn. Determine the suitable straight line to be drawn to solve the equation: x3 - 7x - 2 = 0
Alternative Method
Since a straight line is needed, we used to eliminate the term, x3. The following method can be used
y = x3 - 5x - 3 0 = x3 - 7x - 2
1
1 2
The graph y = x3 - 5x - 3 is drawn. Determine the suitable straight line to be drawn to solve the equation: x3 - 7x - 2 = 0
Alternative Method
y = (7x + 2) 5x - 3 y = 7x + 2 5x - 3 y = 2x - 1
X3 = 7x + 2
Substitute x3 = 7x + 2 into y = x3 5x - 3
The graph y = x2 - 5x - 3 is drawn. Determine the suitable straight line to be drawn to solve the equation: x2 - 2x = 4
Alternative Method
y = x2 - 5x - 3 0 = x2 - 2x - 4
1
x2 2x - 4 = 0
Since a straight line is needed, we used to eliminate the term, x2. The following method can be used
1 2
The graph y = x2 - 5x - 3 is drawn. Determine the suitable straight line to be drawn to solve the equation: x2 - 2x = 4
Alternative Method
y = (2x + 4) 5x - 3 y = 2x + 4 5x - 3 y = -3x + 1
X2 = 2x + 4
Substitute x2 = 2x + 4 into y = x2 5x - 3
The graph y = 8 is drawn. Determine the suitable straight line x to be drawn to solve each the equation: 4 = x + 1 x
solution
4=x+1 x We get 8 = 2x + 2 x
Therefore, y = 2x + 2 is the suitable straight line Multiply both sides by 2
The graph y = 8 is drawn. Determine the suitable straight line x to be drawn to solve each the equation: - 8 = -2x - 2 x
solution
-8 = -2x - 2 x We get 8 = 2x + 2 x
Therefore, y = 2x + 2 is the suitable straight line Multiply both sides by -1
Method
12. (a) Complete Table 1 for the equation y = x2 + 2x by writing down the values of y when x = -3 and 2. x y -5 15 -4 8 -3 -2 0 -1 -1 0 0 1 3 2 3 15
TABLE 1
(b) By using scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to 2 units on the y-axis, draw the graph of y = x2 + 2x for -5 x 3. (c) From your graph, find (i) the value of y when x = -3.5, (ii) the value of x when y = 11. (d) Draw a suitable straight line on your graph to find a value of x which satisfies the equation of x 2 + x 4 = 0 for -5 x 3.
solution
12. (a) x y y = x2 + 2x -5 15 -4 8 -3 3 -2 -1 0 -1 0 0 1 3 2 8 3 15
y = (-3 ) 2 + 2 ( -3 ) = 3 y = ( 2 )2 + 2( 2 ) = 8
12. (a) x
16
y x
14 12 10
8 6 4
x
-5 -4 -3 -2
x
2
-1
x 0
12. (c) y x
16
x
14 12 y = 11 10
Answer:
(i) y = 5.0 (ii) x = -4.4 x = 2.5
8 6 5 4
x
-5-4.4 -4-3.5 -3 -2
x
2
-1
x 0
2 2.5 3
12. (d) y x
16
x
14 12 10
y = x2 + 2x + 0 - 0 = x2 + x - 4 y = x+ 4
x 0 -4 y 4 0 x
Answer:
(d) x = 1.5 x = -2.5
8 6 4 x 2
x
-5 -4
x
1 1.5 2 3
-3 -2.5 -2
-1
x 0
ax2 + bx + c = 0 x2 + x 4 = 0 a = 1 b = 1 c = -4
Press 3x
MODE EQN 1 2 (-) 4 a? 1 1 Unknowns ? 2 3 Degree? 2 3
b?
c?
x1 = 1.561552813
x2 = -2.561552813
y > ax + b or y < ax + b
How can we determine whether a given point satisfies y = 3x + 1, y < 3x + 1or y > 3x + 1 ?
y > ax + b or y < ax + b
Let us consider the point (3,5). The point can only satisfies one of the following relations: (a) y = 3x + 1 (b) y < 3x + 1 (c) y > 3x + 1
< 3x + 1 3(3) + 1 10
= <
5 < 5
>
Since the y-coordinate of the point (3,5) is 5, which is less than 10, we conclude that y < 3x + 1 . Therefore, the point (3,5) satisfies the relation y < 3x + 1
y > ax + b or y < ax + b
Example
Determine whether the following points satisfy y = 3x - 1, y < 3x - 1 or y > 3x - 1. (a) (1,-1) (b) (3,10) (c) (2,9)
y > ax + b or y < ax + b
Solution
For point (1,-1)
When x = 1, y = 3(1) - 1 = 2 Since the y-coordinate of the point (1,-1) is -1, which is less than 2, we conclude that y < 3x - 1 . Therefore, the point (1,-1) satisfies the relation y < 3x - 1
2.3
y > ax + b or y < ax + b
Solution
For point (3,10)
When x = 3, y = 3(3) - 1 = 8 Since the y-coordinate of the point (3,10) is 10, which is greater than 8, we conclude that y > 3x - 1 . Therefore, the point (3,10) satisfies the relation y > 3x - 1
y > ax + b or y < ax + b
Solution
For point (-1,-4)
When x = -1, y = 3(-1) - 1 = -4 Since the y-coordinate of the point (-1,-4) is -4, which is equal to -4, we conclude that y = 3x - 1 . Therefore, the point (-1,-4) satisfies the relation y = 3x - 1
2.3
2.3 REGION REPRESENTING INEQUALITIES IN TWO VARIABLES Determining The Position of A Given Point Relative to 2.3 B y = ax + b
The point P(4,8) lies above the line y = x. This region is represented by y > x The point Q(4,2) lies below the line y = x. This region is represented by y < x The point Q(4,4) lies on the line y = x. This region is represented by y = x -6 -4 -2 y 8 6 4 2 0 -2
y>x Q(4,4) Q(4,2) P(4,8)
-4 -8
y<x
2.3 REGION REPRESENTING INEQUALITIES IN TWO VARIABLES Determining The Position of A Given Point Relative to 2.3 B y = ax + b
y 8
P(-8,6) Q(2,8)
The point P(-8,6) lies above the line y = 3x + 2. This region is represented by y > 3x + 2 The point Q(4,4) lies below the line y = 3x + 2. This region is represented by y < 3x + 2
6 4 2
Q(4,4)
-8
-4
-2
0 -2
y > 3x + 2
-4 -8
y < 3x + 2
EXAMPLE
Determine whether the shaded region in the graph satisfies y < 3x + 2 or y > 3x + 2 8 6 4 2 -8 -4 -2 0 -2 -4 -8 2 4 8 x
solution
The shaded region is below the graph, y = 3x + 2. Hence, this shaded region satisfies y< 3x + 2
Symbol
The type of line to be drawn depends on inequality symbol
< or >
HoT TiPs
The dashed line indicates that all points are not included in the region. The solid line indicates that all points on the line are included
or
y < ax + b a>0 x
0 y y ax + b a>0 b
y b y ax + b a>0 x
b x
y ax + b a<0 x
0 y y < ax + b a<0 b x
y b y ax + b a<0 x
2.3
x>a a<0 x
y xa a<0 x
2.3 2.3 E
REGION REPRESENTING INEQUALITIES IN TWO VARIABLES Determine The Region which Satisfies Two or More Simultaneous Linear Inequalities
Example
2 X=3 1 -3 0 2 3 x
2.3
2 X=3 1 -3 0 2 3 x
2.3
A
1 -3 0 2
X=3
A
1 -3 0 2
X=3
2.3
A
1 -3 0 2
X=3
2.3
y 3
B
0
x=3
2.3
y 3
B
0
x=3
2.3
C
-3
3 x
y x
16 14 12 10
y = x2 + 2x
8 6 4 x 2
x
y = x+ 4
x
-5 -4
x
1 1.5 2
-3 -2.5 -2
-1
y x
16 14 12 10
y = x2 + 2x
8 6
x
y = x+ 4
x
-5 -4
4 x 2
Ax
-3 -2.5 -2
-1
1 1.5 2
SPM Clone
Shade the region that satisfies y 2x + 8, y x, and y < 8
y y=x y=8
y 2x + 8 yx y<8
y = 2x + 8
SPM Clone
Shade the region that satisfies y 2x + 8, y x, and y < 8
y y=x y=8
K3 x
y = 2x + 8
3.
y y=x y=8 K2 x
2 y = 2x + 8
3.
y y=x K1
0 x
y = 2x + 8
On the graphs provided, shade the region which satisfies the three inequalities x < 3, y 2x 6 and y -6 [3 marks] y y = 2x6 O x
y = 6
Solution:
x < 3, y 2x 6 and y -6
x=3 y = 2x6
y = 6
K3
x-intercept = -(-6 2) = 3
On the graphs provided, shade the region which satisfies the three inequalities y x - 4, y -3x + 12 and y > -4 [3 marks] y = 3x+12 y y = x4
Solution:
y = 3x+12 y y = x4
x y = 4 K3
y-intercept =-4
TABLE 1
(b) By using scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to 2 units on the y-axis, draw the graph of y = x2 + 2x for -5 x 3. (c) From your graph, find (i) the value of y when x = -3.5, (ii) the value of x when y = 11. (d) Draw a suitable straight line on your graph to find a value of x which satisfies the equation of x 2 + x 4 = 0 for -5 x 3.
12. (a) Complete Table 1 for the equation y = x2 + 2x by writing down the values of y when x = -3 and 2.
Solution
x y
ALPHA
-5 15
-4 8 X )
-3 3
-2 -1 0 -1
0 0
1 3
ALPHA
2 8
3 15 X )
x2
X2 + 2X
CALC CALC CALC
-5 -3 2
= 15 = 3 = 8
y 12. (b) x
16
x
14 12 10
8 6
x
-5 -4 -3
x
2
x -2
-1
0 -2
x
14 12 10
x
5
8 6
x
-5 -4 -3.5-3 -2
x
2
-1
0 -2
x
14 12 10
2.5
11
8 6 5
x
-5 -4 -3 -2
x
2
-1
0 -2
(d) Draw a suitable straight line on your graph to find a value of x which satisfies the equation of x 2 + x 4 = 0 for -5 x 3. Answer:
(d) x = x=
1 - 2
12. (d) y x
16
x
14 12 10
y = x2 + 2x + 0 - 0 = x2 + x - 4 y = x+ 4
x 0 -4 y 4 0 x
Answer:
(d) x = 1.5 x = -2.5
8 6
x
-5 -4
4x 2
x
1 1.5 2 3
-3 -2.5 -2
-1
0 -2
12. (a) x y -5 15 -4 8 -3 3 -2 -1 0 -1 0 0 1 3 2 8 3 15 K1 K1
y 12. (b) x
16
P1 x
14 12 10
K2 N1 x
8 6
x
-5 -4
4x 2
x
1 2 3
K2
-3
-2
-1
0 -2
12. (c) (i) y = 5 (ii) x = -4.4, 2.5 12. (d) x = 1.5, -2.5
y = x2 + 2x + 0 - 0 = x2 + x - 4 y = x+ 4
P1 P1P1 N1
x 0 -4 y 4 0
0.5 -6
1 -3
1.5 -2
4 -0.75
3 (b) By using scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the both axis, draw the graph of y ! , x for -4 x 4.
(c) From your graph, find (i) the value of y when x = 1.6, (ii) the value of x when y = 3.3. (d) Draw a suitable straight line on your graph to find a value of x which satisfies 3 ! 2 x 4 for -4 x 4. the equation of
x
Solution
x y -4 0.75 -3 1 -1.5 -1 3 -0.5 6 0.5 -6 1 -3 1.5 -2 2 4 -0.75
-1.5
ALPHA
(-)
CALC CALC
(b)
x6 y 5 4 x x x -4 x -3 -2 -1 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 x x x 1 2 x 3 4 x x
(c)
Solution
(d) Graph already drawn: Equation to be solved: 1
3 y! , x 3 0 ! 2x 4 x y ! 2 x 4
1 2
Solution
3 ! 2x 4 x
We get Multiply both sides by -1
3 !y x
3 = -2x - 4 x
y = -2X 4
ALPHA
X )
(-)
CALC CALC
2 (-) 0
-2X 4
2 = 0 = -4
x6 y 5 4 x x x -4 x -3 x -2 -1 -2.6 3 2 0.6 1 0 -1 -2 -3 x -4 -5 -6 x x x 1
2 x
4 x
12. (a)
x y -4 0.75 -3 1 -1.5 -1 3 -0.5 6 0.5 -6 1 -3 1.5 -2 2 4 -0.75
-1.5
K1K1
x6 y 5 4 x x x -4 x -3 x -2 -1 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 x -4 -5 -6 x x x 1 2 x 3 4 x
P1
K2 N1
x
K2
12. (c) (i) y = -1.9 (ii) x = -0.9 12. (d) x = -2.6, 0.6
P1 P1 N1 N1