Environmental Chemistry

By:
Syarifah Hikmah JS M. Arif Asadi Diffy Pratama M. Fakhri

Course Goals
Specific goals include gaining: Major pollutants and effects of pollutants on ecosystems The nature and environmental fates of toxic organic chemicals, pecticides and fertilizer The chemistry of natural waters The chemistry of stratospheric ozone layer and trophosperic process (Acid precipitation) The greenhouse effect to aquatic and marine ecosystems Addictive substance

Definition of Environmental Chemistry

the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places the study of chemical processes occurring in the environment which are impacted by humankind's activities

Environmental components
Geosphere/ lithosphere
Solid earth, including soil, which supports most plant life

Biosphere
Living entities on earth

Hydrosphere
Earth s Water

Biosphere
Thin layer of Gases that cover Earth s surface

Antrosphere
part of the environment made or modified by humans and used for their activities

Ecosystems
Encompasses both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of an area a combination of the community and physical and chemical components of the local environment. The major feature of this ecological level is the strong interaction between the biotic and abiotic components Major processes:
Nutrient recycling Energy Flow

Ecological Systems and Pollution

Concept of pollution Introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem. Man-made sources/ Anthropogenic Sources Natural Sources

Physical factors change naturally in short term (flood, fire, storms, etc.) longer term change (e.g. climate change) mans activities (building, drainage, forest clearance)

Flooding

After

Before

Ecological Systems and Pollution

Chemical factors Changes through elevation of concentration of substances, e.g.
nutrients eutrophication toxic substances health risk organics reduce quality of raw water supply

"Eutrophication" is the enrichment of surface waters with plant nutrients

Eutrophication

Water quality deterioration

Biological factors
Biological processes like predation or grazing, non-predatory effects like man-induced events like tree felling, hunting etc. reduce species ecological imbalance cutting trees reduce oxygen generation capability

Major pollution

Organic pollution Inorganic pollution Pathogen microorganism Radioactive waste

Organic waste
Organic materials is materials that contains carbon compounds with one or more elements Organic waste is discharged into aquatic environment by river run off, sewage, industrial and domestic effluent. Most of organic microorganism. waste is biodegradable by

Aerob Bacteria Organic Matter + O2 Anaerob Bacteria Organic Matter

O2 + H2O + Energy

Reduced Organic Matter + CO2 + H2O + Energy

Pesticide Persistent Organic Pollution (POPs) is organic compounds that are extremely resistant to natural breakdown processes and therefore are stable and long-lived. POPs are also highly toxic and build up (bioaccumulate) in the fatty tissues of animals and humans There are 13 groups of POPs such as DDT as pesticide materials

Fertilizer Fertilizer is any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is added to a soil to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants Inorganic fertilizer use has also significantly supported global population growth it has been estimated that almost half the people on the Earth are currently fed as a result of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use Six macronutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) seven micronutrients: boron (B), chlorine (Cl), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn).

Too much fertilizer is problem to environment The rainfall, runoff and leaching, and which give rise to erosion and transport of chemically enriched soil particles, are important components of the environmental chemistry, transport and fate of fertilizer products.

Extra fertilizer

Extra algae and plant growth

Water Quality Problems

Inorganic waste
Inorganic matter is any compound that does not contain carbon Generally, inorganic matter is non-biodegradable Cyanide, organochlorin, and heavy metals groups Most of heavy metals is needed by organisms in sufficient concentration. However, the excess concentration of heavy metals will cause adverse effects to them

Heavy metal Heavy metal is defined as a group of metals and metalloid with atomic density greater than 4 gr/cm3 Heavy metal is toxic and poisonous even at low concentration
Heavy Metal Max Conc. (Air) Mg/m3 Max Conc (Drinking Water) Mg/l Max Conc. (Aquatic life) Mg/l

Cd Pb Zn Hg Ca Ag As

0.1 1 5 0.01 -

0.2

0.005 0.01 5 0.002 50 0.0 0.01

0.008 0.0058 0.0766 0.05 >50 0.1 -

Most finding heavy metals in marine environment : 1. Hg (mercury) 2. Cd (Cadmium) 3. Pb (Lead) 4. Cu (Copper) 5. Zn (Zn) 6. Cr (Chromium)

21

Pathogen microorganism
Pathogenic microorganism is a microorganism such as a virus, bacteria or fungus that causes disease in its host Example of this microorganism are: Coliform group bacterias, virus and larvae Coliform group is a broad class of bacteria that commonly used as indicator in polluted water and food Most of this group bacteria is found in domestic waste or sludge via river runoff, rain flow, and atmospheric outfall Contamination to human is occurred by direct contact or consumption pattern

Salmonella

E. coli

Streptococcus

Shigella

Vibrio

Klebsiella
23

Radioactive Waste
Radioactivity is the random spontaneous disintegration of an atom of an element. Radioactive wastes are waste that contain radioactive material come from nuclear power or industrial activity. In aquatic environment, radioactive materials will undergo three phase : (1) Water column (2) Suspended particle (3) aquatic biota

Chemistry Natural Water

Parameters
Temperature DO pH Alkalinity

Descriptions
a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses the common notions of hot and cold analysis measures the amount of gaseous oxygen (O2) dissolved in an aqueous solution a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution a measure of the buffering capacity of water, or the capacity of bases to neutralize acids. Waters with low alkalinity are very susceptible to changes in pH. Waters with high alkalinity are able to resist major shifts in pH. Those waters that require considerable amount of soap to produce a foam and also scale in hot water pipes due to presence of multivalent metallic ion A measure of the cloudiness of water -the cloudier the water, the greater the turbidity. Turbidity in water is caused by suspended matter. C

Unit
-

Level

Mg/l Mg/l

>5 mg/l in freshwater 6.5 8.5 20-200 mg/l in freshwater

Hardness

Mg/L CaCO3

150 mg/l in drinking water 5 NTU in drinking water

Turbidity

NTU

Acid Precipitation
Acidic pollutants can be deposited from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface in wet and dry forms The term acid precipitation is used to specifically describe wet forms of acid pollution that can be found in rain, sleet, snow, fog, and cloud vapor Precipitation normally has a pH between 5.0 to 5.6 but acid rain falls in range below 5.6 Emissions of sulfur dioxide are responsible for 60-70% of the acid deposition that occurs globally. More than 90% of the sulfur in the atmosphere is of human origin.

Acid Rain Formation

Effects of Acid Deposition

Human Health :the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease, respirator's illness, and allergic Building construction :fading, corrosion Ecological impacts : Aquatic acidification

Green House Effects

A greenhouse gas (sometimes abbreviated GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effects. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxide, and ozone

GHG effects on aquatic environment

Climate Change Increasing sea level Deterioration of water quality Decreasing of fish stock Coral Bleaching

Addictive Substance
Addictive substance is substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance its taste and appearance For instance colorants, flavors and aromas, sweeteners, anti-oxidants, emulsifiers, bleaching and embankment flour, acidity regulator, anti-glob, hardener and preservatives. The additives substances are not harmful to humans, but when it exceeds the normal standards, would be very dangerous and detrimental to health. Impacts to human health : Carcinogenic, neurologic, brain respiratory, heart, kidney disorders, allergic, and mutation genetic

Sources of Addictive Substance

1. Additives Natural substances The additives which the materials are sourced directly from nature, for example : sugar as a sweetener ang salt for salted fish / eggs 2. Substance Additives Artificial (synthetic) An additive that deliberately because of limited natural additive ingredients, for example is MSG (monosodium glutamate) to enhance the taste of food and cyclamate to provide a strong sweet taste.

Example of harmful food addictive Formalin Boraks Rhodamin B Sunset Yellow Tartazine Siklamat Aspartan Monosodium Glutamat

Text book
Environmental Chemistry, 4th edition, by Colin Baird and Michael Cann, W.H. Freeman and Co, New York, 2008 Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and Science, 5th edition, by Sawyers et al., McGraw Hill, 2003

Thank You