Lecture 6 - Flexure

September 13, 2002

CVEN 444
Lecture Goals Lecture Goals
Basic Concepts
Rectangular Beams
Non-uniform beams
Balanced Beams
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
Example
Consider a simple rectangular beam( b x h ) reinforced
with steel reinforcement of A
s
.
Determine the centroid ( neutral axis, NA ) and moment
of inertia I
zz
of the beam for an ideal beam (no cracks).
Determine the NA and moment of inertia, I
zz
, of beam if
the beam is cracked and tensile forces are in the steel
only.
(1)
(2)
Example Example
E
c
Modulus of Elasticity - concrete
E
s
Modulus of Elasticity - steel
A
s
Area of steel
d distance to steel
b width
h height
s
c
E
E
n =
Example Example
)
i i
i
2
y A
A
i i i
y
I I y y A
=
= +

Centroid (NA)
Moment of Inertia
Example (uncracked) Example (uncracked)
Area yi y
i
A I y
i
- y (y
i
-y)
2
A
Concrete bh h/2 bh
2
/2 bh
3
/12 (h/2-y) (h/2-y)bd
Steel (n-1)A
s
d d(n-1)A
s
--- (d-y) (d-y)
2
(n-1)A
s
)
)
) ) )
2
s
i i
i s
2
3
2 2
s
1
y A
2
A 1
1
12 2
i i i
bh
n A d
y
bh n A
bh h
I I y y A y bh d y n A
+
= =
+
+
= + = + +

' '

Example Example - - (cracked) (cracked)
For a cracked section the
concrete is in compression
and steel is in tension.
The strain in the beam is
linear.
c
s s
1
2
C yb f
T A f
=
=
Example Example - - (cracked) (cracked)
Using Equilibrium
s s c
s c
s
1
2
2
T C
A f yb f
yb
f f
A
=
=
+
=

' '
Example Example - - (cracked) (cracked)
Using Hookes law
s s c c
s
2
yb
E E
A
I I
+
=

' '

f EI =
However, this is an indeterminate problem to
find . We will need to use a compatibility
condition.
y
c s s s
s c
2 2 E A nA
E yb yb
I
I
+
+
= =


' '
' '
Example Example - - (cracked) (cracked)
Using a compatibility
condition.
s c c
s
d d
y
y y y
I I I
I
= =

Substitute into the first equation.
Example Example - - (cracked) (cracked)
s
2nA y
d y yb
=

Substitute in for the strain relationship.

2
s s
2 2
0
nA nA
y y d
b b
+ +
+ =

' ' ' '
Rearrange the equation into a quadratic equation.
Example Example - - (cracked) (cracked)
s
A
bd
V =
Use a ratio of areas of concrete and steel.
Modify the equation to create a non-dimensional ratio.
2
2 2 0
y y
n n
d d
V V
+ +
+ =

' ' ' '
2 2
2 2 0 y n d y n d V V + =
Example Example - - (cracked) (cracked)
Use the quadratic formula
Solve for the centroid by multiplying the result by d.
)
)
2
2
2 2 8
2
2
n n n
y
d
y
n n n
d
V V V
V V V
+
+
=

' '
+
= +

' '
Example Example - - (cracked) (cracked)
The moment of inertia using the parallel axis
)
)
)
2
2
3
2
s
3
2
s
12 2
3
i i i
I I y y A
by y
by d y nA
by
d y nA
= +
+
= + +

' '
= +

Example Example
For the following example find centroid and moment
of inertia for an uncracked and cracked section and
compare the results.
E
s
= 29000 ksi
E
c
= 3625 ksi
d = 15.5 in b = 12 in. h = 18 in.
Use 4 # 7 bars for the steel.
Example Example
A #7 bar has an A
s
= 0.6 in
2
s
c
E 29000 ksi
8
E 3625 ksi
n = = =
)
2 2
s
4 0.6 in 2.4 in A = =
Example Example
The uncracked centroid is
)
)
) )
)
)
)
) ) )
)
2
s
s
2
2
2
3
2
1
2
1
12 in 18 in
8 1 2.4 in 15.5 in
2
12 in 18 in 8 1 2.4 in
2204.4 in
9.47 in
232.8 in
bh
n A d
y
bh n A
+
=
+
+
=
+
= =
Example Example
The uncracked moment of inertia
) )
) )
) )
) )
)
2
3
2
s
3
2
2
2
4
1
12 2
12 in 18 in
18 in
9.47 in 12 in 18 in
12 2
15.5 in 9.47 in 8 1 2.4 in
6491 in
bh h
I y bh d y n A
+
= + +

' '
+
= +

' '
+
=
Example Example
The cracked centroid is defined by:
) )
2
s
2.4 in
0.0129
12 in 15.5 in
A
bd
V = = =
)
) ) ) ) ) ) )
)
2
2
2
8 0.0129 2 8 0.0129 8 0.0129
0.3627
0.3627 15.5 in 5.62 in
y
n n n
d
y
V V V
+
= +

' '
=
=
= =
Example Example
The cracked moment of inertia is
)
) )
) )
)
3
2
s
3
2
2
4
3
1
12 in 5.62 in
3
15.5 in 5.62 in 8 2.4 in
2584.2 in
by
I d y nA = +
=
+
=
Example Example
Notice that the centroid changes from 9.47 in. to
5.62 in. and the moment of inertia decreases from
6491 in
4
to 2584 in
4
. The cracked section loses
more than half of its strength.
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
Plane sections remain plane ( not true for
deep beams h > 4b)
The strain in the reinforcement is equal to
the strain in the concrete at the same level,
i.e. I
s
= I
c
at same level.
Stress in concrete & reinforcement may be
calculated from the strains using WIcurves
for concrete & steel.
Basic Assumptions in Flexure Theory
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
Tensile strength of concrete is neglected for
calculation of flexural strength.
Concrete is assumed to fail in compression, when
I
c
(concrete strain) = I
cu
(limit state) = 0.003
Compressive WIrelationship for concrete may
be assumed to be any shape that results in an
acceptable prediction of strength.
Additional Assumptions for design (for simplification)
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
The concrete may exceed the I
c
at the outside edge
of the compressive zone.
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
The compressive force is modeled as C
c
= k
1
k
3
f
c
b*c
at the location x = k
2
*c
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
The compressive coefficients
of the stress block at given
for the following shapes.
k
3
is ratio of maximum stress
at f
c
in the compressive zone
of a beam to the cylinder
strength, f
c
(0.85 is a typical
value for common concrete)
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
The compressive zone is modeled with a equivalent
stress block.
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
The equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution
has what is known as a F

coefficient is proportion of
average stress distribution covers.
65 . 0
1000
4000
* 05 . 0 85 . 0
psi 4000 for 85 . 0
c
1
c 1
u

=
=
f
f
F
F
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
Requirements for analysis of reinforced concrete beams
[1] Stress-Strain Compatibility Stress at a point in
member must correspond to strain at a point.
[2] Equilibrium Internal
forces balances with
external forces
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(1) Setup equilibrium.

'
+

'

=
=
= =
n
c s s
x
M
2
T 0
85 . 0
C T 0
a
d M
ab f f A
F
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(2) Find flexural capacity.
b f
f A
a
ab f C
f A T
c
y s
c
s s
85 . 0
85 . 0
=
=
=
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(2) Find flexural capacity.
)
n
s y
M moment arm
2
T
a
A f d
=
+
=

' '
Flexural Stress Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(3) Need to confirm I
s
> I
y
)
y c s
1
s
y
y
I I I
F
W
I
"

=
=
=
c
c d
a
c
E
Flexural Stress Example Flexural Stress Example
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
Given a rectangular beam
f
c
= 4000 psi
f
y
= 60 ksi (4 #7 bars)
b = 12 in. d = 15.5 in. h= 18 in.
Find the neutral axis.
Find the moment capacity of the beam.
Example Example
Determine the area of steel, #7 bar has 0.6 in
2
.
The F value is F
1
= 0.85 because the concrete
has a f
c
=4000 psi.
)
2 2
s
4 0.6 in 2.4 in A = =
Example Example
From equilibrium
)
)
) )
c s
2
s
c
0.85
60 ksi 2.4 in
3.53 in.
0.85 0.85 4 ksi 12 in
y
y
C T
f ba f A
f A
a
f b
=
=
= = =
1
3.53 in.
4.152 in.
0.85
a
c
F
= = =
The neutral axis is
Example Example
Check to see whether or not the steel has yielded.
y
y
s
60 ksi
0.00207
E 29000 ksi
f
I = = =
Check the strain in the steel
)
)
s
0.003
15.5 in. 4.152 in.
0.003 0.0082 0.000207
4.152 in.
d c
c
I

+
=

' '

+
= = "

' '
Steel yielded!
Example Example
Compute moment capacity of the beam.
)
)
n s y
2
2
3.53 in.
2.4 in 60 ksi 15.5 in.
2
1979 k-in. 164.8 k-ft.
a
M A f d
+
=

' '
+
=

' '
=