Chapter 27

Control of Growth and Responses in Plants

Control of Growth and Responses in Plants

Outline Plant Responses

Tropisms Nastic Movements

Plant Hormones
Auxins Gibberellins Cytokinins Abscisic Acid Ethylene

Photoperiodism

Control of Growth and Responses in Plants

Plant Responses
Tropisms
 Plant growth toward or away from a unidirectional stimulus  directional growth response resulting in a change in the position of a plant part.  under hormonal control  irreversible and can be:
1. Positive tropism - plant grows toward the stimulus 2. Negative tropism - plant grows away from the stimulus

Control of Growth and Responses in Plants

Types of Tropism
1.Phototropism - the directional growth of a plant caused by light. 2.Gravitropism - plant growth in response to the direction of the gravity 3.Thigmotropism - plant growth in response to contact with a solid object. Other tropisms: Chemotropism - chemicals Traumatropism - trauma Skototropism - dark Aerotropism - oxygen

What mechanim permits respond to stimuli?

Control of Growth and Responses plants to in Plants

Reception - - - > transduction - - - > response Stimulus first received Transduction - stimulus has been changed into a form that is meaningful to the organism

PHOTOTROPISM (Gk. (Gk. tropos - turning) Positive phototropism:

Control of Growth and Responses photos Plants in - light;

Occurs because cells on the shady side of the stem elongate A pigment related to vitamin (riboflavin) thought to act as a photoreceptor when phototropism occurs
- Auxin migrates from bright side to the shady side of stem - Shady sides elongate faster than bright side

Phototropism

GRAVITROPISM (L. (L. tropos - turning)

Control of Growth gravisandheavy; Gk. - Responses in Plants

When a plant is placed on its side, the stem grows upward, opposite of the pull of gravity Stems with root caps grow downward
Root cap contain sensors called statoliths (located within amyloplasts)

Auxin is responsible for:

Positive gravitropism of roots, and Negative gravitropism of shoots

Gravitropism

THIGMOTROPISM - (Gk. tropos - turning)

Control of Growth and Responses in 10 thigma - touch; Plants

Unusual growth due to contact with solid objects is called thigmotropism

 Coiling of tendrils which helps attach a climbing plant such as vine  involves auxin

Thigmomorphogenesis occurs when the entire plant responds to the presence of environmental stimuli - touch response related to thigmotropism
 Wind  Rain

Coiling Response

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Control of Growth and Responses in Plants

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Nastic Movements Nastic movements:

Do not involve growth and are not dependent on the direction of the stimulus

Seismonastic movements - result from touch,shakinh, or thermal stimulation

 Example: makahiya (Mimosa pudica), venus (Mimosa pudica), flytrap

Sleep movements:
Occur daily in response to light and dark changes  Example: prayer plant

Seismonastic Movement

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Sleep Movement

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Circadian Rhythms (L. circum - about; dies - day)

Control of Growth and Responses in Plants

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- biological rhythms with a 24-hour cycle 24Tend to be persistent

- Rhythm is maintained in the absence of environmental stimuli - Caused by a biological clock

PLANT HORMONES
Gr. hormao - instigate

Control of Growth and Responses in Plants

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- chemical signals produced in very low contrations and active in another part of the organism Almost all communication on a plant is done by hormones
 synthesized in one part of the plant and travels within phloem in response to the appropriate stimulus

Plant hormones and

HORMONE
Auxins

Control of Growth and Responses in 17 signalingPlants molecules

SITE OF PRODUCTION
Shoot apical meristem, young leaves, seeds

PRINCIPAL ACTIONS
Stem elongation, apical dominance, root initiation, fruit development

Gibberellins

Seed germination, stem elongation, Young leaves and shoot apical meristems, embryo in flowering, fruit development seed Roots Cell division, delay of leaf senescence, inhibition of apical dominance, flower development, embryo development, seed germination

Cytokinins

Ethylene

Fruit ripening, responses to environmental stressors, seed germination, maintenance of apical hook on seedlings, root initiation, etc. Abscissic acid Almost all cells that contain Seed dormancy, responses to plastids (leaves, stems, water stress roots)

Stem nodes, ripening fruit, damaged or senescing tissue

AUXINS (Gr. auximos (Gr. growth)

Control of Growth and Responses promoting in Plants

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Auxin is produced in shoot and apical meristem and is found in young leaves and in flowers and fruits
 Apical dominance -apically produced auxin prevents the growth of axillary buds  Weak solution of auxin applied to woody cutting causes rapid growth of adventitious roots  Promotes fruit growth

Apical Dominance

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Demonstrating Phototropism

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Control of Growth and Responses in Plants

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How Auxins Work

Auxins bind to plasma membrane receptors Activated proton pumps H+ out of cell
Cell wall loosens Turgor pressure increases due to the entry of water Cell enlarges

Auxin Mode of Action

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Control of Growth and Responses in Plants

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GIBBERELLINS (L. gibbus - bent) (L.

Gibberellins:
Growth promoting hormones that bring about elongation of the resulting cells Gibberellic acid
- Stem elongation - Breaking of dormancy

Effect of Gibberellins

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Gibberellic Acid: Structure and Mode of Action

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CYTOKININS (Gr. kytos - cell; kineo - to move)

Control of Growth and Responses in Plants

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Cytokinins
A class of plant hormones that promote cell division Derivatives of adenine
- Prevent senescence - Initiate growth

Interaction of Hormones

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Control of Growth and Responses in Plants

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Abscisic Acid Abscisic acid (ABA):

Initiates and maintains seed and bud dormancy, and Brings about closure of stomata Produced by:
- Any green tissue with chloroplasts - Monocot endosperm, and - Roots

Abscisic Acid: Control of Stoma Opening

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Control of Growth and Responses in Plants

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Ethylene Ethylene is involved in abscission

Once abscission has begun:
- Ethylene stimulates certain enzymes - Cause leaf, fruit, or flower to drop

Also ripens fruit by increasing activity of enzymes that soften fruit

Functions of Ethylene

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Control of Growth and Responses in Plants

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Photoperiodism Photoperiodism:
Any physiological response prompted by changes in day or night length
- Short-day plants Short- Long-day plants Long- Day-neutral plants Day-

Some plants may require a specific sequence of day lengths in order to flower

Photoperiodism and Flowering

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Control of Growth and Responses in Plants

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Phytochrome Phytochrome is a blue-green leaf pigment that bluealternately exists in two forms
Phytochrome red (Pr) Phytochrome far-red (Pfr) far-

Conversion of forms allows a plant to detect photoperiod changes Also promotes seed germination and inhibits stem elongation

Phytochrome Conversion Cycle

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Phytochrome Control of Growth Pattern 36

Control of Growth and Responses in Plants

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Review Plant Responses

Tropisms Nastic Movements

Plant Hormones
Auxins Gibberellins Cytokinins Abscisic Acid Ethylene

Photoperiodism

Ending Slide Chapter 27

Control of Growth and Responses in Plants