Microwave Remote Sensing Intro PSD

Microwave Remote Sensing: Principles and Applications
Outline
Introduction to RSL at the University of Kansas Introduction and History of Microwave Remote Sensing Active Microwave Sensors
Radar Altimeter. Scatterometer. Imaging Radar.
Applications of Active Sensors

Sea ice. Glacial ice Ocean winds. Soil Moisture. Snow. Vegetation. Precipitation. Solid Earth.
11/18/02
University of Kansas
Microwave Remote Sensing: Principles and Applications Passive Microwave Sensors

Radiometers
Traditional Interferometer Polarimetric Radiometer
Application of Passive Microwave Sensors

11/18/02
Sea ice. Glacial ice Soil Moisture. Atmospheric sounding Snow. Vegetation. Precipitation
Radar Systems and Remote Sensing Laboratory

Windvector Measurements over the Ocean Radar at 14 GHz. Concept developed at KU. USA, Europe and Japan are planning to launch satellites to obtain data continuously.
11/18/02 University of Kansas

Founded in 1964. 4 Faculty members, 20 Graduate students - Ph. D & M.S. 4-6 Undergraduate students, 2 Staff Now satellites based on concepts developed at RSL are in operation.
NSCAT, QUICKSCAT- Radars to measure ocean surface winds. ADEOS-2 (JAPAN), Europeans Met Office is planning to launch satellite to support operational applications. ScanSARRadarsat- Canadian satellite Envisat - European SRTM -Shuttle Radar Topography Mission.Radar Systems and Remote Sensing Laboratory
11/18/02

Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) to collect threedimensional measurements of the Earth's surface. Acquired data to obtain the most complete near-global mapping of our planet's topography to date. This would not have been possible without ScanSAR operation--concept developed at
KU.
11/18/02
ITTC Information Technology & Telecommunication Center

Communications academic emphasis and research programs established in 1983. Now RSL is a part of the Center Graduated students degrees in EE, CS, CoE, Math 29 faculty, 15 staff researchers, 6 Center staff Current student population ~ 130 ~ 13 Ph.D., ~81 M.S., ~37 B.S.
11/18/02
EM Spectrum
Microwave region
300 MHz 30 GHz.
Millimeter wave
30 GHz 300 GHz.
IEEE uses a different definition

300 MHz 100 GHz
11/18/02
Microwave Remote Sensing: Principles and Applications.

Advantages
Day/night coverage. All weather except during periods of heavy rain. Complementary information to that in optical and IR regions.
Disadvantages
Data are difficult to interpret. Coarse resolution except for SAR.
Microwave Remote Sensing history

US has a long history in Microwave Remote Sensing. Clutter Measurement program after the WW-II. Ohio State University collected a large data base of clutter on variety of targets. Earnest studies for the remote sensing of the earth can be considered to have began 1960s. In 1960s NASA initiated studies to investigate the use of microwave technology to earth observation.
Microwave Remote Sensing history

The research NASA and other agencies initiated resulted in: Development of ground-based and airborne sensors. Measurement of emission and scattering characteristics of many natural targets. Development of models to explain and understand measured data. Space missions with microwave sensors. NIMBUS Radiometers. SKYLAB Radar and Radiometers
11/18/02
Microwave Remote Sensing

Radar
Radio Detection and Ranging. Texts:
Skolnik, M. I., Introduction to Radar Systems, McGraw Hill, 1981. Stimson, G. W., Introduction to Airborne Radar, SciTech Publishing, 1998. Civilian
Navigation and tracking Search and surveillance Imaging & Mapping Weather Sounding Probing Remote sensing Counter measures
Applications Military
Navigation and tracking Search and surveillance Imaging & Mapping Weather Proximity fuses
11/18/02
Review EM theory and Antennas Propagation of EM waves is governed by Maxwell equations. For time-harmonic variation we can write the above equations as
xD xt xB v E ! xt .B ! 0 .D ! V v H ! J j[I E v E ! j[Q H .B ! 0 .D ! V
v H ! J
EM Theory
Helmholtz Equation
From the four Maxwell equations, we can derive vector Helmholtz equations For each component of E and H field we can write a scalar equation
11/18/02
E K 2E ! 0 H K 2 H ! 0 whereK ! [ QI x 2 E x x 2 Ex x 2 Ex K 2 Ex ! 0 xx 2 xy 2 xz 2 x2Ey xx
2
2
x2 Ey xy
2
x2Ey xz
2
K 2Ey ! 0
x 2 E z x 2 Ez x 2 Ez K 2 Ez ! 0 2 2 2 xx xy xz
Uniform plane wave Amplitude and phase are constant on planes perpendicular to the direction of propagation. TEM case no component in the direction of propagation. For a TEM wave propagating in z direction Ez = 0 and Hz =0 Ex(z,t) = Eo e- z Cos( t-j z)
EM theory
and are determined by material properties.
K ! E jF ! W 2 Q I j[Q W j[I [I
For a loss - loss medium W E}
F ! [ QI
Materials are classified as insulators and conductors
11/18/02
Fresh water ice, dry snow and dry soil are examples of low - loss media. For a conductor W "" [I E!F ! [QW 2
EM Theory
Reflection and refraction
Whenever a wave impinges on a dielectric interface, part of the wave will be reflected and remaining will be transmitted into the lower medium.
11/18/02
EM Theory--Scattering
Microwave Scattering from a distributed target depends on

Dielectric constant. Surface roughness. Internal structure.
Homogeneous Inhomogeneous
Wavelength or Frequency. Polarization.

Microwave Scattering
Surface scattering
A surface is classified as smooth or rough by comparing its surface height deviation with wavelength. Smooth h < /32 cos( ) For example at 1.5 GHz and = 60 deg., h < 1.25 cm
i r
Smooth surface
Moderately rough surface
11/18/02
Very rough surface
Rough surface scattering
11/18/02
Volume scattering
Material is inhomogeneous such as
Snow Firn Vegetation Multiyear ice
o W T ! W s0 T 2 (U )W vo (U t )
11/18/02
Surface scattering models
Geometric optics model
Surface height standard deviation is large compared to the wavelength.
Small perturbation model

Surface height standard deviation is small compared to the wavelength.
Two-scale model
Developed to compute scattering from the ocean
Small ripples riding on large waves.
11/18/02
Antennas
Antennas are used to couple electromagnetic waves into free space or capture electromagnetic waves from free space. Type of antennas
Wire
Dipole Loop antenna
Aperture
Parabolic dish Horn
Antennas
Antennas are characterized by their:
Directivity
It is the ratio of maximum radiated power to that radiated by an isotropic antenna.
Efficiency
Efficiency defines how much of the power is the total power radiated by the antenna to that delivered to the antenna.
Gain
It is the product of efficiency and directivity
dipole
Beamwidth
Width of the main lobe at 3-dB points.
Antenna gain
11/18/02
Antennas
An array of antennas is used whenever higher than directivity is needed.
Can be used to electronic scanning. Most of the SAR antennas are arrays.
11/18/02
Antenna Array
U R1 ! Ro d sin
Let us consider simple array consisting of isotropic radiators.

R1 Ro d
U xR ! d sin 2T U xN ! d sin P 2T ( Ro d sin U j j 2TR0 P Et ! Eo e P e Td sin U Td sin U Td sin U 2TR0 j j j j P P P e e Et ! Eo e P e Et ! 2 Eo e

j 2TR0 P
j
Td sin U ) P
cos
Td sin U ) P
U 2Td sin Et w Eoi cos P i If we increase from 0 to 90 degrees and reduce the resulting expression. sinx Et w x
U P
Radar Principles
Radar classified according to the trasmit waveform.
Continuous
Doppler Altimeter Scatterometer
Pulse
Wide range of applications
11/18/02
Radar Principles
Radar measures distance by measuring time delay between the transmit and received pulse.
1 us = 150 m 1 ns = 15 cm
Radar
cX 2 X ! time delay between transmission and reception c ! velocity of propagation R ! Range to the jet. R!
11/18/02
Radar principle
Unambiguous range and Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF)
PRF also determines the maximum doppler we can measure with a radar SAR. PRF > 2 fdmax
PRI ! T PRF , f p ! Run ! C 2 fp 1 T
For a radar with f p ! 1500 Hz R un ! 3 x108 ! 100 km 2 x1500 cX (r ! p , (r ! 150 m for X p ! 1 Qs 2
11/18/02
RadarPrinciple
Radar equation
PT GT R For a monostatic radar GT = GR Radar sensitivity is determined by the minimum detectable signal set by the receiver noise. No = kTBF F= noise figure Signal-to-noise ratio
2 S P P T GT P2W ! r ! N N o (4T )3 R 4 KTBF
Power density at the target is given byP PG Pd ! T T 4TR 2 Target with radar cross section, W , intercepts a part of this signal and reradiates in the direction of the radar. PG Pdr ! T T W 4TR 2 Reradiated power incident on the antenna is given by PG 1 Pri ! T T W 4TR 2 4TR 2 The receive antenna with an effective aperture, Ae, incident signal and it is given by Ae PG Pr ! T T W 4TR 2 4TR 2 P G G P2W Pr ! T T 3R 4 ( 4T ) R 4TA where GR ! 2 e P
Rmax
2 P T GT P2W ! S (4T )3 KTBF N 1 4
I1
11/18/02
Slide 30 I1
ITTC, 11/11/2002

Radar cross section characterizes the size of the object as seen by the radar.
Where Es = scattering field Ei = incident field
r
W ! Lim R pg 4TR
Es Ei
2 2
W ! Tr
11/18/02
Radar Equation
A distributed target contains many scattering centers within the illuminated area. It is characterized by radar cross section per unit area, which is refereed to as scattering coefficient
11/18/02
W !W oA W o ! scattering coefficient A ! Illu min ated area
2 P T GT P2W 0 A Pr ! (4T ) 3 R 4 Fa
Fe Uo
F F F T R cos(U 0 ) tan(U o e ) tan(U o e ) R tan( a ) 2 2 2 2 1& F 1 If U 0 A! A} T 2 R FeFa 4
Radar Equation
P T GT2 P2W 0 TRF e RF a Pr ! (4T ) 3 R 4 4 P T GT2 P2W 0 F e F a Pr ! (4T ) 2 R 2 16
For a distributed power received falls off as 1/R2 For a point target power received falls off as 1/R4
11/18/02
Antenna Array
U R1 ! Ro d sin

R1 Ro d

j 2TR0 P
j
Td sin U ) P
cos
Td sin U ) P
U P
Antenna Array
U R1 ! Ro d sin

R1 Ro d

j 2TR0 P
j
Td sin U ) P
cos
Td sin U ) P
U P
Microwave Remote Sensing: Principles and Applications History Active Microwave sensing
Studies related to active sensing of the earth beagn in 1960s.
Clutter studies SkYLab radar altimeter and scatterometer in 1960s SEASAT in 1978 ERS-1, JERS-1, ERS-2, RADARSAT, GEOSAT, Topex-Posoidon
11/18/02
Active Sensors Radar Altimeter
Radar altimeter is a short pulse radar used for accurate height measurements.
Ocean topography. Glacial ice topography Sea ice characteristics
Classification and ice edge Vegetation
http://topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov/technology/images/P38232.jpg
11/18/02
Radar Altimeter Missions

Satellite Radar Altimeters Mission SKYLAB GEOS SEASAT GEOSAT ERS-1 TOPEX ERS-2 GFO ENVISAT Jason-1 CRYOSAT and other missions Frequency Ku Ku Ku Ku Ku C &Ku Ku Ku Ku &S Ku &C Ku Accuracy 10 m 1-5 M ~1 m 10 CM < 10 cm < 10 cm < 10 cm <10 cm <10 CM <10 cm Few cm 1985-1990 1992-1998 199219961998200120002003Period 1973 1976 1978
11/18/02
Radar Altimeter Waveform

Satellite altimeters operate in pulse-limited mode.
R2 ! H 2 Y 2 cX R!H 2 cX 2 2 H ! H Y 2 cX H 2 cX H 2 cXH ( ) 2 ! H 2 Y 2 2 Y } cXH HR ! Re solution ! 2Y ! 2 cXH For H ! 800 km, ! 3.3 ns HR ! 1.7km
2
11/18/02
Radar Altimeter
A short pulse radar
Uses pulse compression to obtain fine range resolution or height measurement. Range measurement uncertainty of a pulse radar.
(r ! s c
S 2B 2 N For example B ! 300 MHz, S/N ! 100
(r ! s3.5 cm
Radar altimeter
Other sources of errors
Atmospheric delays Troposheric delays. EM bias Pointing errors Orbit errors Accuracies of few cms are being achieved with new generation sensors.
Dual-frequency Water vapor radiometers GPS orbit determination Calibration.
Resti et al, The Envisat Altimeter System RA-2,ESA Bulletin 98, June 1999
sigma=5.5 cm
11/18/02
Radar Altimetertypical system
11/18/02
Radar Altimeter
Waveform analysis
Time delay is measured very accurately and converted into distance. Spreading of the pulse is related to SWH. Scattering coefficient can be obtained by determining the power.
11/18/02
Radar Altimeter- typical system

Block diagram of Envisat RA
11/18/02
Active sensors
Scatterometer
Scatter o Meter A calibrated radar used to measure scattering coefficient. They are used to measure radar backscatter as a function of incidence angle. Ground and aircraft-based scatterometers are widely used.
Experimental data on variety of targets to support model and algorithm development activities. Developing algorithms for extracting target characteristics from data. Understanding the physics of scattering to develop empirical or theoretical models. Developing target classification algorithms
11/18/02
Active sensors Scatterometers Wide range of applications

Wind vector measurements Sea and glacial ice Snow extent. Vegetation mapping Soil moisture
Semi-arid or dry areas.
11/18/02
Microwave Remote Sensing Atmosphere and Precipitation Global precipitation mission

Will consist of a primary spacecraft and a constellation.
Primary Spacecraft
Dual-frequency radar. 14 and 35 GHz. Passive Microwave Radiometer
Constellation Spacecraft
Passive Microwave Radiometer
Microwave Remote SensingActive Sensors Imaging Radars
Imaging Radars & Scatterometers
Imaging Radars
Real Aperture Radar (RAR) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
Widely used for military and civilian applications.
RAR
Thin long antenna mounted on the side of an aircraft.
11/18/02
Imaging radars
RAR
Resolution is determined by antenna beamwidth in the along track RP Hr ! RF ! k direction D
a a
RAR geometry
k ! weighting factor
Pulse width in the cross-track direction

Hrc ! cX 2 sin(U )
11/18/02
Imaging radars
For a radar operating at f=10 GHz with a 3-m long antenna in the along track direction and 0.5 us pulse, resolution at 45 degree incidence and range of 10 km is given by Assume k=0.8
10000 x0.03 ! 80 m 3 3x108 x0.5 x10 6 Hrc ! ! 106 m 2 sin( 45) Hra ! 0.8 R ! 100 km 100000 x0.03 Hra ! 0.8 ! 800 m 3 3x108 x0.5 x10 6 Hrc ! ! 106 m 2 sin( 45)
11/18/02
Imaging Radars: RAR

RARs were used until 1990s. They are replaced by SARs. Resolution should 1/20 about the dimensions of the target we want to recognize
Resolution
MRS: vol. II, Ulaby, Moore and Fung

11/18/02
SAR
Synthetic Aperture Radar
Use the forward motion of an aircraft or a spacecraft to synthesize a long antenna. Satellite SARs
ERS-1, ERS-2, RADARSAT, ENVISAT, JERS-1, SEASAT, SIR-A,B& C. Applications
Ocean wave imaging Oil slick monitoring Sea ice classification and dynamics Soil moisture Vegetation Glacial ice surface velocity
11/18/02
SAR We can use a small physical antenna For focused SAR resolution is independent of
Wavelength Range Best possible resolution is L/2
Where L= length of the physical antenna
11/18/02
RF Spectrum
Microwave Radiometry covers a range of frequencies.
Soil Moisture 1-3 GHz Resolution / aperture Ocean Surface Wind 19, 22 GHz Polarimetry Atmospheric Temperature 54, 118 GHz Accuracy Atmospheric Water Vapor 22, 24, 92, 150, 183 GHz Accuracy Cloud Ice 325, 448, 643 GHz High frequency
P R
30 cm
3 cm
3 mm
0.3 mm
1 GHz
10 GHz
100 GHz
1000 GHz
Sea Surface Salinity 1-3 GHz Receiver sensitivity/ stability
Sea Ice 37 GHz Polar coverage
Precipitation 11, 31,37,89 GHz Frequent global coverage
Atmospheric Chemistry 190, 240, 640, 2500 GHz High frequency
Hartley, NASA
L band S band C band X band Ku/K/Ka band Millimeter Submillimeter
11/18/02
Microwave Radiometers theory

Plancks Law of radiation
s (P , T ) ! 2Thc 2 P5 1 e
ch PkT
1
Where S( ,T) =Intensity of radiation in w/m2 T = temperature in Kelvins h = Plancks constant, 6.625 10-34 Js c = velocity of propagation m/s k = Boltzmann constant, 1.380 10-23 J/K = wavelength, m
Rayleigh Jeans Approx ch P kT 2TckT P4
S (P , T ) !
Microwave Radiometer At microwave frequencies radiation intensity is directly proportional to the temperature. For gray bodies

11/18/02
Pa = kTb B k =Boltzman constant, B = bandwidth, Hz. Tb = Brightness temperature, K Tb =e Tphy e = Emissivity of the object or media
Microwave Radiometer
Two basic types of radiometers
Total power radiometer
Highest sensitivity
Switching-type radiometers and its variants.

(T ! TTotal BX in where Ttota l ! Ta Tsys B! bandwidth X in ! int egration time B ! 6 MHz,X in ! 1s Ttotal ! 500 K (T ! 0.2 K
Typical total power radiometer
Microwave Radiometer Dicke or Switching-type radiometer

Any fluctuations in gain of the receiver will reduce radiometer sensitivity. To eliminate system effects, Dicke developed switching type radiometer.
It consists of switch and a synchronous detector. The input is switched between the antenna and noise source. If the injected noise power is equal to input signal power, the effect of gain fluctuations is eliminated.
Microwave Radiometer
Typical Dicke-type radiometer
If the duty cycle is 50%, integration time is reduced by 50% 1.4Ttotal HT ! BX in
11/18/02
RF Radiometry Characteristics Moden Radiometer Digital processor To eliminate down conversion process
Antenna Receiver low noise amplifier mixer LO scan 11/18/02 University of Kansas multiplexer/ spectrometer detector/ digitizer digital processor/ correlator
Hartley, NASA
Research and application of microwave technology to remote sensing of

Oceans and ice Solid earth and Natural hazards.. Atmosphere and precipitation. Vegetation and Soil moisture
Microwave Remote Sensing Ocean and Ice

Winds Scatterometer. Quickscat, Seawinds Polarimetric radiometer Ocean topography Radar altimeters Ocean salinity AQUARIUS Radiometer and radar combination. Radar to measure winds for correcting for the effect of surface roughness.
11/18/02
Ocean Vector Winds Scatterometers
Scatterometers send microwave pulses to the Earth's surface, and measure the power scattered back. Backscattered power over the oceans
QuikScat
depends on the surface roughness, which in turn depends on wind speed and direction.
SeaWinds
QuikScat Replacement mission for NSCAT, following loss of ADEOS Launch date: June 19, 1999 SeaWinds EOS instrument flying on the Japanese ADEOS II Mission Launch date: December 14, 2002 ???? Instrument Characteristics of QuikScat and SeaWinds Instrument with 120 W peak (30% duty) transmitter at 13.4 GHz, 1 m near-circular antenna with two beams at 46o and 54o incidence angles
Advanced sensors larger aperture antennas.Passive polarimetric sensors.

Courtesy: Yunjin Kim, JPL
Ocean Topography Missions
The most effective measurement of ocean currents from space is ocean topography, the height of the sea surface above a surface of uniform gravity, the geoid.
TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 Joint NASA-CNES Program
TOPEX/Poseidon launched on August 10, 1992 Jason-1 launched on December 7, 2001 Ku-band, C-band dual frequency altimeter Microwave radiometer to measure water vapor GPS, DORIS, and laser reflector for precise orbit determination
Instrument Characteristics

Sea-level measurement accuracy is 4.2 cm TOPEX/Poseidon & Jason-1 tandem mission for high resolution ocean topography measurements
The priority is to continue the measurement with TOPEX/Poseidon accuracy on a long-term basis for climate studies. Courtesy: Yunjin Kim, JPL
11/18/02 University of Kansas TOPEX/Poseidon Ocean topography of the Pacific Ocean during El Nio and La Nia.
Ocean Surface Topography Mission

An Experimental Wide-Swath Altimeter
By adding an interferometric radar system to a conventional radar altimeter system, a swath of 200 km can be achieved, and eddies can be monitored over most of the oceans every 10 days. The design of such a system has progressed, funded by NASAs Instrument Incubator Program. This experiment is proposed to the next mission, OSTM (Ocean Surface Topography Mission)
South America Courtesy: Yunjin Kim, JPL

Global Ocean Salinity
Aquarius (JPL, GSFC, CONAE) ESSP-3 mission in the risk mitigation phase First instrument to measure global ocean salinity Passive and active microwave instrument at L-band Resolution Baseline 100km, Minimum 200km Global coverage in 8 days
1 week of salinity measurements from space
Accuracy: 0.2 psu Baseline mission life: 3 years
11/18/02
Courtesy: Yunjin Kim,
University of Kansas 100 yrs of salinity measurements by ship JPL
SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission)
Partnership between NASA and NIMA (National Imagery and Mapping Agency) X-band from German and Italian space agencies

11/18/02
C-band single pass interferometric SAR for topographic measurements using a 60m mast DEM of 80% of the Earths surface in a single 11 day shuttle flight 60 degrees north and 56 degrees south latitude 57 degrees inclination 225 km swath WGS84 ellipsoid datum JPL/NASA will deliver all the processed data to NIMA by January 2003 Absolute accuracy requirements 20 m horizontal 16 m vertical The current best estimate of the SRTM accuracy is 10 m horizontal and 8 m vertical
L-band InSAR Technology
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) can measure surface deformation (mm-cm scale) through repeated observations of an area L-band is preferable due to longer correlation time due to longer wavelength (24cm) Solid Earth Science Working Group recommended that In the next 5 years, the new space mission of highest priority for solidEarth science is a satellite dedicated to InSAR measurements of the land surface at L-band
Surface deformation due to Hector Mine Earthquake using repeat-pass InSAR data
11/18/02
InSAR velocity difference indicates a 10% increase in ice flow velocity from 1996 to 2000 on Pine Island Glacier University of Kansas [Rignot et al., 2001]
Microwave Remote Sensing Soil Moisture.

Southern Great Plains Hydrology Experiment (SGP97) Surface Soil Moisture Derived From Remotely Sensed Microwave Data
37.0
Radar Pol: VV, HH & HV

Latitude (Degrees)
June 30 June 30
Lamont
July 1
Lamont
36.5
Soil Moisture (%) 5 0 50
36.0
35.5
ElReno
OklahomaCity
ElReno
OklahomaCity
440 0
Chickasha
Chickasha
Res 3 and 10 km Radiometer Pol: H, V Res =40 km, dT= 0.64 K
35.0
330 0 July 2
Lamont
July 3
Lamont
SGP97
36.5
2 0 20
36.0
35.5
ElReno
OklahomaCity
ElReno
1 0 10
OklahomaCity
Chickasha
Chickasha
35.0
00
-98.5
-98.0
-97.5
-98.0
-97.5
-97.0
Longitude (Degrees) NASA Land Surface Hydrology Program
Courtesy: Tom Jackson, USDA
HRDROS
Back-up ESSP mission for global soil moisture.
L-band radiometer. L-band radar.
Microwave Remote Sensing Atmosphere and Precipitation CloudSAT

Salient Features NASA ESSP mission First 94 GHz radar space borne system Co-manifested with CALIPSO on Delta launch vehicle Flies Formation with the EOS Constellation Current launch date: April 2004 Operational life: 2 years Partnership with DoD (on-orbit ops), DoE (validation) and CSA (radar development)
Science Measure the vertical structure of clouds and quantify their ice and water content Improve weather prediction and clarify climatic processes. Improve cloud information from other satellite systems, in particular those of Aqua Investigate the way aerosols affect clouds and precipitation Investigate the utility of 94 GHz radar to observe and quantify precipitation, in the context of cloud properties, from space
Earth Science and RF Radiometery
Atmospheric chemistry
Precipitation
Microwave Radiometry Applications. Hartley, NASA
Sea surface temperature/ Sea surface salinity
Ocean surface wind Atmospheric temperature, humidity, and clouds Soil moisture
11/18/02
Conclusions A brief overview of microwave remote sensing principles and applications. Opportunities for research and education.
Science Technology
11/18/02
SARPrinciple SAR can explained using the concept of a matched filter or antenna array.
Ro
11/18/02
SAR Principle
Unfocussed SAR
No phase corrections are made. Jo ! JN ! 4TRo P 4TR P
2
Ro r
l2 l 2 R ! R0 } Ro 8Ro 2 4Tl 2 T N d ! J N Jo ! e 8Ro P 4 le Ro P 2
11/18/02
SAR Principle
Focussed SAR
R!
x Ro
2 o
x x2 2 Ro
x2 ! Ro 1 2 R o
0.5
R } Ro Jd ( x) !
2T x 2 2Tx 2 2 ! P 2 Ro PRo 2Tx 2 PRo
Thus we need to correct the phase by to make all the vectors add up
11/18/02
SAR Principle
Resolution
The 3 - dB beamwidth of an uniformly illuminated real aperture of length, D, is given by F ar ! 0.88 P D P Lef
For synthetic aperture of length, Leff , F as ! 0.44 4 - dB beamwidth are given by F ar ! P P PR , F as ! 0.5 & Lef ! o D Lef D D PRo ! 2 Le f 2
Along track resolution, ra ! F as Ro !
11/18/02

Microwave Remote Sensing Intro PSD

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Microwave Remote Sensing Intro PSD

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Microwave Remote Sensing: Principles and Applications

Applications of Active Sensors

Microwave Remote Sensing: Principles and Applications Passive Microwave Sensors

Application of Passive Microwave Sensors

Radar Systems and Remote Sensing Laboratory

Radar Systems and Remote Sensing Laboratory

Radar Systems and Remote Sensing Laboratory

ITTC Information Technology & Telecommunication Center

IEEE uses a different definition

Microwave Remote Sensing: Principles and Applications.

Microwave Remote Sensing history

Microwave Remote Sensing history

Microwave Remote Sensing

For a loss - loss medium W E}

Materials are classified as insulators and conductors

Microwave Scattering from a distributed target depends on

Wavelength or Frequency. Polarization.

Moderately rough surface

Very rough surface

Small perturbation model

Let us consider simple array consisting of isotropic radiators.

U xR ! d sin 2T U xN ! d sin P 2T ( Ro  d sin U j  j 2TR0 P Et ! Eo e P  e Td sin U Td sin U Td sin U 2TR0 j j j j P P P e e Et ! Eo e P e Et ! 2 Eo e

For a radar with f p ! 1500 Hz R un ! 3 x108 ! 100 km 2 x1500 cX (r ! p , (r ! 150 m for X p ! 1 Qs 2

2 P T GT P2W ! S (4T )3 KTBF N 1 4

Microwave Remote Sensing

F F F T R cos(U 0 ) tan(U o  e )  tan(U o  e ) R tan( a ) 2 2 2 2 1& F 1 If U 0 A! A} T 2 R FeFa 4

Let us consider simple array consisting of isotropic radiators.

U xR ! d sin 2T U xN ! d sin P 2T ( Ro  d sin U j  j 2TR0 P Et ! Eo e P  e Td sin U Td sin U Td sin U 2TR0 j j j j P P P e e Et ! Eo e P e Et ! 2 Eo e

Let us consider simple array consisting of isotropic radiators.

U xR ! d sin 2T U xN ! d sin P 2T ( Ro  d sin U j  j 2TR0 P Et ! Eo e P  e Td sin U Td sin U Td sin U 2TR0 j j j j P P P e e Et ! Eo e P e Et ! 2 Eo e

Active Sensors Radar Altimeter

Radar Altimeter Missions

Radar Altimeter Waveform

S 2B 2 N For example B ! 300 MHz, S/N ! 100

Radar Altimetertypical system

Radar Altimeter- typical system

Active sensors Scatterometers Wide range of applications

Microwave Remote Sensing Atmosphere and Precipitation Global precipitation mission

Microwave Remote SensingActive Sensors Imaging Radars

Imaging Radars & Scatterometers

Pulse width in the cross-track direction

Imaging Radars: RAR

MRS: vol. II, Ulaby, Moore and Fung

Sea Surface Salinity 1-3 GHz Receiver sensitivity/ stability

Sea Ice 37 GHz Polar coverage

Precipitation 11, 31,37,89 GHz Frequent global coverage

Atmospheric Chemistry 190, 240, 640, 2500 GHz High frequency

Microwave Radiometers theory

Rayleigh  Jeans Approx ch P kT 2TckT P4

Switching-type radiometers and its variants.

Typical total power radiometer

Microwave Radiometer Dicke or Switching-type radiometer

If the duty cycle is 50%, integration time is reduced by 50% 1.4Ttotal HT ! BX in

Microwave Remote Sensing

Research and application of microwave technology to remote sensing of

Microwave Remote Sensing Ocean and Ice

Ocean Vector Winds Scatterometers

Advanced sensors larger aperture antennas.Passive polarimetric sensors.

Courtesy: Yunjin Kim, JPL

Ocean Topography Missions

Ocean Surface Topography Mission

South America Courtesy: Yunjin Kim, JPL

U xR ! d sin 2T U xN ! d sin P 2T ( Ro d sin U j j 2TR0 P Et ! Eo e P e Td sin U Td sin U Td sin U 2TR0 j j j j P P P e e Et ! Eo e P e Et ! 2 Eo e

F F F T R cos(U 0 ) tan(U o e ) tan(U o e ) R tan( a ) 2 2 2 2 1& F 1 If U 0 A! A} T 2 R FeFa 4

U xR ! d sin 2T U xN ! d sin P 2T ( Ro d sin U j j 2TR0 P Et ! Eo e P e Td sin U Td sin U Td sin U 2TR0 j j j j P P P e e Et ! Eo e P e Et ! 2 Eo e

U xR ! d sin 2T U xN ! d sin P 2T ( Ro d sin U j j 2TR0 P Et ! Eo e P e Td sin U Td sin U Td sin U 2TR0 j j j j P P P e e Et ! Eo e P e Et ! 2 Eo e

Rayleigh Jeans Approx ch P kT 2TckT P4

l2 l 2 R ! R0 } Ro 8Ro 2 4Tl 2 T N d ! J N Jo ! e 8Ro P 4 le Ro P 2