Dental pharmacology

Disclosing agents
y Applied on teeth to revel the presence of dental

y y y y

plaques, the colouration produced is temporary and makes the plaque visible Agents are: Erythrosinred dye and causes red staining of plaque Fluorescent DA- .75% sod. Fluorescein sol, plaque appears bright yellow Two tone sol multicolouring DA, older plaque stains blue, newer plaque stains red

Bleaching agents
y Remove the pigmentation on the teeth y H2O2- librates nacent O2, heat or light accelerated it, y

y y y

care must be taken (irritant effects) 10% carbamide peroxide-it breaksdown to librate H2O2, can cause transient tooth sensitivity and irritation of mucosa. Sod. Perborate- it releases H2O2 when mixed with water Chlorinated lime- librates chlorine All These agents carry out oxidation reaction in enamel and dentine

Obtundants
y Diminish dentine sensitivity y M O A- 1) precipitating proteins within dentinal y y y y y y y y

tubulesAgNO3, ZnCl, ethyl alcohol 2) paralysing the sensory nerve ending phenol, camphor, menthol Commonly used are 1) ZnClastringent and not stains the teeth 2) AgNO3 precipitates the proteins but stains the black 3) ethyl alcohol (70%)- nonstaining Clove oil paralysing the nerve endings Uses: To reduce the pain in alveolar osteitis

Mummifying agents
y Harden and dry the soft tissues of the pulp and root canal and make them

aseptic y Tannic acid- astringent, tissue become resistant to bacterial infection, used alone or in combination with iodoform or eugenol and glycerine
y Iodoform- antiseptic and weak anaesthetic , it librates iodine, it is used as y y y y

paste in combination with tannic acid, glycerine and eugenol Liquid formaldehyde- irritant, causes nacrosis of oral tissues, used in combination with ZnO, thymol Paraformaldehyde- librating formaldehyde, combination with ZnO, ZnSO4 and glycerine Cresol combined with thymol and ZnO These agents are used when the devitalised pulp and contents of root canal cannot be removed

Mouth washes
y Solution are used to rinse the oral cavity to maintain oral hygiene,

y y y y y y y y y y y

they contains antiseptics, astringents, detergents, flavoring agents, colouring agents and sweetening agents Antiseptics-thymol, alcohol, chlorhexidine, H2O2 Astringents- tannic acid, ZnCl Flavoring agents- peppermint, cinnamon, wintergreen Sweeteners saccharin, sorbitol Detergents sod. Lauryl sulphate Use1) reduce plaque formation 2) gingivitis, dental caries, stomatitis 3) relieve soreness of teeth and gums 4) Reduce bad breath 5) Treat oral burns, aphthous ulcers and alveolar osteitis

Astringents
y Reacting and precipitating proteins in superficial y y y y y y y

cells and forms a protective covering on the surface 1) protect against bacteria and irritant 2) decreases exudation 3) arrest capillary oozing when applied on bleeding surfaces Types 1) vegetable Ast. 2) metallic Ast. 3) others

Astringents
y y y y y y y y y

Vegetable astringents1) tannic acid-light brown powder, soluble in glycerine and alcohol 2) catechu- astringent property due to presence of tannic acid Metallic astringents 1) aluminium salts- alum, alu. Acetate. Alum can be used as a solution and powder, it is acidic can damage the enamel 2) zinc salts- ZnCl, ZnSO4, they dont stain the teeth 3) ferric chloride- can stain the teeth and damage the enamel OthersAlcohol mummifying agents, obtundants.

y Uses- it is a component of mouthwash, paint, dentifrices,

Dentifrices
y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

In the form of paste, gel and powder. Ingrients1) abrasive agents- cal. Carbonate, silica, mag.trisilicate 2) detergents- sod. Laury sulphate 3) antiseptics- thymol, eugenol, cal. Peroxide 4) sweetening agents- sucrose, lctose 5) colouring agents- titanium dioxide 6) flavoring agents- peppermint wintergreen 7) humectants- glycerine and sorbitol 8) binding agents- gum arabic, tragacanth, bentonite, CMC 9) sodium bicarbonate- neutralizes the acid 10) other agents- fluorides, xylitol, desensitizing agents 11) preservatives- sodium benzoate Use- maintain oral hygiene, remove food debris, stains on teeth and plaque, prevent caries

Desensitizing agents
y Treat dentinal hypersensitivity (pain provoked by thermal,

y y y y y y y y y

chemical, tactile or osmotic stimulation of exposed dentinal tubules) 1) desensitizing the nerve- 3% potassium nitrate or 5% potassium nitrate 2) occluding the dentinal tubules A) surgically B) restoration with composite C) crown placement D) by plugging or sclerosing 1) salts- stannous fluoride, sod. Fluoride, pot. Oxalate 2) agents which precipitate proteins- glutaraldehyde, ZnCl 3) resins- dentine sealants, methylmethacrylate