INTRODUCTION & RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS: CONTINUOUS MOTION

Todays Objectives: Students will be able to: 1. Find the kinematic quantities (position, displacement, velocity, and acceleration) of a particle traveling along a straight path.

In-Class Activities: Check Homework Applications Relations between s(t), v(t), and a(t) for general rectilinear motion. Relations between s(t), v(t), and a(t) when acceleration is constant. Concept Quiz Group Problem Solving Attention Quiz

Rectilinear motion of particles

Rectilinear motion - a particle moving along a straight-line path Particle - an object that has a mass but the size and shape can be neglected 3 main parameters - position, velocity and acceleration

APPLICATIONS The motion of large objects, such as rockets, airplanes, or cars, can often be analyzed as if they were particles. Why? If we measure the altitude of this rocket as a function of time, how can we determine its velocity and acceleration?

APPLICATIONS (continued)

A sports car travels along a straight road. Can we treat the car as a particle? If the car accelerates at a constant rate, how can we determine its position and velocity at some instant?

An Overview of Mechanics
Mechanics: The study of how bodies react to forces acting on them.

Statics: The study of bodies in equilibrium.

Dynamics:
1. Kinematics concerned with the geometric aspects of motion 2. Kinetics - concerned with the forces causing the motion

Position

The origin O on the path is a fixed point Position coordinate used to specify the location of the particle at any given instant Magnitude of s measured in meter (m) s is positive if the particle is located to the right of O s is negative if the particle is located to the left of O

Displacement
Defined as the change in its position If the particles moves from one point to another,

the displacement, s is s = s- s s is positive if the particles final position is to right of its initial position s is negative if the particles final position is to left of its initial position

Velocity
Defined as ratio of the displacement s to the time interval t,

It is vector quantity The magnitude of v is known as speed of the particle (unit: meter per seconds, m/s) A positive value of v s increases (+ direction) A negative value of v s decreases (- direction)

Acceleration
Defined as ratio of the velocity v to the time interval t,

SI unit for acceleration is m/s2 Negative acceleration: Occurred when the speed of particles is decreasing. Final velocity is less than initial velocity. Also called as deceleration.

Acceleration
The differential relation involving displacement, velocity and acceleration:

(eq 1.1)(eq 1.2)

Eliminate time differential dt, we can get the relationship as: a ds = d

(eq 1.3)

CONSTANT ACCELERATION a = ac Can integrate three differential equations we have obtain new formulas that relates all a, v, s and t

dv = a
vo o

dt

yields

v= v + a t
o c

so

ds = v dt
o s

yields yields

s = s + v t + (1/2) a t 2
o o c

v dv = a ds
vo so
c

v 2 = (vo )2 + 2a (s - s )
c o

EXAMPLE Given: A particle travels along a straight line to the right with a velocity of v = ( 4 t 3 t2 ) m/s where t is in seconds. Also, s = 0 when t = 0. Find: The position and acceleration of the particle when t = 4 s. Plan: Establish the positive coordinate, s, in the direction the particle is traveling. Since the velocity is given as a function of time, take a derivative of it to calculate the acceleration. Conversely, integrate the velocity function to calculate the position.

Solution:

EXAMPLE (continued)

1) Take a derivative of the velocity to determine the acceleration. a = dv / dt = d(4 t 3 t2) / dt =4 6 t => a = 20 m/s2 (or in the direction) when t = 4 s 2) Calculate the distance traveled in 4s by integrating the velocity using so = 0: s t v = ds / dt => ds = v dt => ds = (4 t 3 t2) dt so o => s so = 2 t2 t3 => s 0 = 2(4)2 (4)3 => s = 32 m ( or )

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING Given:Ball A is released from rest at a height of 40 ft at the same time that ball B is thrown upward, 5 ft from the ground. The balls pass one another at a height of 20 ft. Find:The speed at which ball B was thrown upward. Plan: Both balls experience a constant downward acceleration of 32.2 ft/s2 due to gravity. Apply the formulas for constant acceleration, with ac = -32.2 ft/s2.