Introduction to Data Communications and Networks Digital to Digital data Signaling conversion

By Harshit Doshi(08) Swapnil Gujar(11) Rashmi Mishra(30) Lithesh Poojary(38) Raja Sethi(50)

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS

- Swapnil Gujar(11)

What is data communication?

y Not to be confused with telecommunication y Any process that permits the passage from a sender to one or more receivers of information of any nature, delivered in any easy to use form by any electromagnetic system. y Data communicationy Defined as a subset of telecommunication involving the transmission of data to and from computers and components of computer systems.
y More specifically data communication is transmitted via mediums such as

wires, coaxial cables, fiber optics, or radiated electromagnetic waves such as broadcast radio, infrared light, microwaves, and satellites.

Features of Communication
y Four things required y Sender, receiver, medium, and message y Types of messages y File y Request y Response y Status y Control y Correspondence y Understandability y Error Detection

Computer Network
y An interconnected collection of autonomous computers. y Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to

exchange information. y A system with one control unit and many slaves is not a network.

A Communications Model
y Source y Generates data to be transmitted y Transmitter y Converts data into transmittable signals y Transmission system y Carries data y Receiver y Converts received signal into data y Destination y Takes incoming data

Simplified Communications Model Diagram

Key Communications Tasks

y Transmission system utilization y Interfacing y Signal generation y Synchronization y Exchange management y Error detection and correction y Addressing and routing y Recovery y Message formatting y Security y Network management

Simplified Data Communications Model

History of Information Systems

Batch processing mainframes Online real-time, transaction oriented systems (replaced batch processing. DBMSs become common) PC LANs become common

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

Data communications over phone lines (became common and mainframes became multi-user systems)

PC revolution Networking everywhere

Introduction to Computer Networks

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS By Lithesh Poojary(38)

Networking
y Point to point communication not usually practical
y Devices are too far apart y Large set of devices would need impractical number of connections

y Solution is a communications network

Introduction to Computer Networks

Computer Networks
Computer network connects two or more autonomous computers.

The computers geographically anywhere.

can be located

LAN, MAN & WAN

Network in small geographical Area (Room, Building or a Campus) is called LAN (Local Area Network)

Network in a City is call MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

Network spread geographically (Country or across Globe) is called WAN (Wide Area Network)

Components of a Local Area Network

To other networks (e.g., Internet)

Servers
File Server

Router

HUB

Web Server

Client
Computers

Circuits
Print Server Printer

Network Types (based on Scale)

y Local Area Networks (LAN) - room, building
y a group of PCs that share a circuit.

y Backbone Networks (BN) - less than few kms

y a high speed backbone linking together organizational LANs at various locations.

y Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) - (more than a few kms)

y connects LANs and BNs across different locations y Often uses leased lines or other services used to transmit data.

y Wide Area Networks (WANs) - (far greater than 10 kms)

y Same as MAN except wider scale

LANs and Backbones, Wide Area and Metropolitan Area Networks

Relative Capacities of Telephone, LAN, BN, WAN, and Internet Circuits.

Intranet vs. Extranet

y Intranet y A LAN that uses the Internet technologies within an organization y Open only those inside the organization y Example: insurance related information provided to employees over an intranet y Extranet y A LAN that uses the Internet technologies across an organization including some external constituents y Open only those invited users outside the organization y Accessible through the Internet y Example: Suppliers and customers accessing inventory information in a company over an extranet

Introduction to Computer Networks

Applications of Networks
Resource Sharing Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers) Software (application software) Information Sharing Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases) Search Capability (WWW) Communication Email Message broadcast Remote computing Distributed processing (GRID Computing)

Network Topologies

By Rashmi Mishra(30)

Introduction to Computer Networks

Network Topology
The network topology defines the way in which computers, printers, and other devices are connected. A network topology describes the layout of the wire and devices as well as the paths used by data transmissions.

Introduction to Computer Networks

Bus Topology
Commonly referred to as a linear bus, all the devices on a bus topology are connected by one single cable.

Introduction to Computer Networks

Star & Tree Topology

The star topology is the most commonly used architecture in Ethernet LANs. When installed, the star topology resembles spokes in a bicycle wheel. Larger networks use the extended star topology also called tree topology. When used with network devices that filter frames or packets, like bridges, switches, and routers, this topology significantly reduces the traffic on the wires by sending packets only to the wires of the destination host.

Introduction to Computer Networks

Ring Topology
A frame travels around the ring, stopping at each node. If a node wants to transmit data, it adds the data as well as the destination address to the frame. The frame then continues around the ring until it finds the destination node, which takes the data out of the frame. Single ring All the devices on the network share a single cable Dual ring The dual ring topology allows data to be sent in both directions.

Introduction to Computer Networks

Mesh Topology
The mesh topology connects all devices (nodes) to each other for redundancy and fault tolerance. It is used in WANs to interconnect LANs and for mission critical networks like those used by banks and financial institutions. Implementing the mesh topology is expensive and difficult.

Introduction to Computer Networks

Network Components
Physical Media Interconnecting Devices Computers Networking Software Applications

Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Media
Networking media can be defined simply as the means by which signals (data) are sent from one computer to another (either by cable or wireless means).

Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Devices
HUB, Switches, Wireless Access Modems etc. Routers, Points,

Introduction to Computer Networks

Computers: Clients and Servers

In a client/server network arrangement, network services are located in a dedicated computer whose only function is to respond to the requests of clients. The server contains the file, print, application, security, and other services in a central computer that is continuously available to respond to client requests.

OSI Model, Protocol and Standards

By Harshit Doshi(08)

Multi-layer Network Models

y The two most important such network models: OSI and Internet y Open Systems Interconnection Model y Created by International Standards Organization (ISO) as a framework for computer network standards in 1984 y Based on 7 layers y Internet Model y Created by DARPA originally in early 70s y Developed to solve to the problem of internetworking y Based on 5 layers y Based on Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite

7-Layer Model of OSI

Physical DataLink Network Transport Session Presentation Application

y Application Layer y set of utilities used by application programs y Presentation Layer y formats data for presentation to the user y provides data interfaces, data compression and translation between different data formats y Session Layer y initiates, maintains and terminates each logical session between sender and receiver

7-Layer Model of OSI

y Transport Layer y deals with end-to-end issues such as segmenting the message for network transport, and maintaining the logical connections between sender and receiver y Network Layer y responsible for making routing decisions y Data Link Layer y deals with message delineation, error control and network medium access control y Physical Layer y defines how individual bits are formatted to be transmitted through the network

Internets 5-Layer Model

Physical DataLink Network Transport Application

y Application Layer y used by application program y Transport Layer y responsible for establishing end-to-end connections, translates domain names into numeric addresses and segments messages y Network Layer - same as in OSI model y Data Link Layer - same as in OSI model y Physical Layer - same as in OSI model

Comparison of Network Models

Message Transmission Using Layers

sender receiver Applications Applications

A receiving layer wraps incoming message with an envelope Adds layer related addressing information

A receiving layer removes the layer related envelope and forwards the message up

Protocols
y Used by Network model layers y Sets of standardized rules to define how to communicate at

each layer and how to interface with adjacent layers

Layer N+1 Layer N Layer N-1 sender receiver

Layer N+1 Layer N Layer N-1

Message Transmission Example

Standards
y Importance y Provide a fixed way for hardware and/or software systems (different companies) to communicate y Help promote competition and decrease the price y Types of Standards y Formal standards y Developed by an industry or government standards-making body y De-facto standards y Emerge in the marketplace and widely used y Lack official backing by a standards-making body

Major Standards Bodies

y ISO (International Organization for Standardization) y Technical recommendations for data communication interfaces y Composed of each countrys national standards orgs. y Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.iso.ch) y ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union Telecom Group y Technical recommendations about telephone, telegraph and data communications interfaces y Composed of representatives from each country in UN y Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.itu.int)

Major Standards Bodies (Cont.)

y ANSI (American National Standards Institute) y Coordinating organization for US (not a standards- making body) y www.ansi.org y IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) y Professional society; also develops mostly LAN standards y standards.ieee.org y IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) y Develops Internet standards y No official membership (anyone welcome) y www.ietf.org

Some Data Comm. Standards

Layer
5. Application layer

Common Standards
HTTP, HTML (Web) MPEG, H.323 (audio/video) IMAP, POP (e-mail) TCP (Internet) SPX (Novell LANs) IP (Internet) IPX (Novell LANs) Ethernet (LAN) Frame Relay (WAN) PPP (dial-up via modem for MAN) RS-232c cable (LAN) Category 5 twisted pair (LAN) V.92 (56 kbps modem)

4. Transport layer 3. Network layer

2. Data link layer

1. Physical layer

Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Protocol: TCP/IP

Introduction to Computer Networks

Applications
E-mail Searchable Data (Web Sites) E-Commerce News Groups Internet Telephony (VoIP) Video Conferencing Chat Groups Instant Messengers Internet Radio

DIGITAL-TODIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION
Represent digital data by using digital signals. signals. The conversion involves three techniques: line techniques: coding, scrambling. coding, coding, block coding, and scrambling. Line coding is always needed; block coding and needed; scrambling may or may not be needed. needed. Topics discussed in this section:  Line Coding  Line Coding Schemes
4.48

Digital to Digital data Signaling Conversion

- By Raja Sethi(50)

Line Coding
y Converting a string of 1s and 0s (digital data) into a

sequence of signals that denote the 1s and 0s. y For example a high voltage level (+V) could represent a 1 and a low voltage level (0 or -V) could represent a 0.

Line coding and decoding

Different Conversion Schemes

Digital to Digital Encoding

Types of Digital to Digital Encoding

Unipolar Encoding

Types of Polar Encoding

NRZ-L and NRZ-I Encoding

RZ Encoding

Manchester and Diff. Manchester Encodin

Types of Bipolar Encoding

Bipolar AMI Encoding

B8ZS Encoding

HDB3 Encoding

Books

References
Andrew S.Tanenbaum, Computer Network, Prentice-Hall Doughlas E. Comer, Computer Networks and Internet http://www.cisco.com/public/support/tac/documentati on.html http://www.redhat.com/docs http://home.iitk.ac.in/~navi/sidbinetworkcourse